Memory

• What is the first store in the multistore model of memory?

  Sensory register
• How does information pass from the sensory register to short-term memory?

  Through attention
• What is the capacity of the sensory register?

  Very large
• What is the duration of information in the sensory register?

  Very short, approximately 250 milliseconds
• What is the second store in the multistore model of memory?

  Short-term memory
• How does short-term memory receive information?

  By paying attention or retrieving from long-term memory
• What is the duration of short-term memory?

  Approximately 18 seconds
• What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?

  Seven plus or minus 2 items
• What happens to information in short-term memory when new information enters?

  It is lost by displacement or decay
• What is the third store in the multistore model of memory?

  Long-term memory
• What is the duration of long-term memory?

  Very long, potentially permanent
• How is long-term memory coded?

  Semantically, in the form of meaning
• What must happen to use information stored in long-term memory?

  It must be passed back to short-term memory
• What did Glaser and Kunitz find regarding word recall?

  Words at the start and end of lists were more easily recalled
• What does the primacy and recency effect suggest?

  First words are in long-term memory and last in short-term memory
• What did Sperling find about the sensory register's capacity?

  Recall of a random row of a 12-item grid was 75%
• What does the study by Sperling suggest about the sensory register?

  It has a large capacity but a short duration
• What did Baddeley find regarding the coding of short-term and long-term memory?

  STM is coded acoustically, while LTM is coded semantically
• What did Jacobs find about the recall of letters and numbers?

  Average recall was seven items for letters and nine for numbers
• What does chunking do to short-term memory capacity?

  It can improve the capacity by grouping items
• What did Peterson and Peterson find about short-term memory duration?

  Recall of trigrams was less than 10% after 18 seconds
• What did Wagner's diary study suggest about long-term memory recall?

  75% recall for critical details after 1 year
• What did Barck find about recalling school friends' names?

  90% recall after 15 years and 80% after 48 years
• What are the criticisms of cognitive tests of memory like the MSM?

  They are often highly artificial with low mundane realism
• What are the different types of long-term memory?

  Declarative (explicit) and non-declarative (implicit)
• What is episodic memory?

  Memory of experiences and events that are timestamped
• How is semantic memory characterized?

  It consists of facts, meanings, and knowledge
• What is procedural memory?

  Unconscious memories of skills learned in childhood
• What did Kadeem's study suggest about memory types and brain regions?

  Semantic and episodic memory use different brain regions
• What condition does Clive Wearing have?

  Retrograde amnesia
• What can Clive Wearing remember despite his amnesia?

  He remembers facts about his life, such as being a musician
• What does the study of Clive Wearing suggest about memory types?

  Semantic, episodic, and procedural memories are separate
• What is problematic about generalizing findings from idiographic case studies?

  Unique issues may explain behavior that are not applicable to the wider population
• What is the working memory model?

  A theoretical model of information processing that replaces the STM store in the MSM
• What is the role of the central executive in the working memory model?

  It controls attention and filters information
• What is the capacity of the central executive?

  Limited to four items
• What does the phonological loop do?

  Processes sound information and contains the primary acoustic store
• What is the capacity of the phonological loop?

  Approximately 2 seconds of speech
• What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad process?

  Visual and spatial information
• What is the episodic buffer?

  A general store added to the working memory model in 2000