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• What are the three parts of the lecture on social beliefs and attitudes?

  1. What are attitudes?
  2. Why do people (fail to) change their attitudes?
  3. What can be done to intentionally change people’s attitudes?
• How is an attitude defined in social psychology?

  A relatively enduring evaluation of an entity
• What does attitude strength refer to?

  Durability and impact of attitudes
• What characterizes strong attitudes?

  Persistence, resistance to change, habitual impact
• What is the difference between attitude strength and extremity?

  Strength refers to impact, not extremity
• What are moral attitudes perceived as?

  More universally true and politically engaging
• How have attitudes toward smoking changed over time?

  From personal preference to moral attitudes

  
• What do some researchers argue about moral attitudes?

  They should focus on subjective moralization
• What are the three components of attitudes according to Rosenberg & Hovland?

  1. Affective Component: Emotions towards an entity
  2. Behavioral Component: Preferred actions towards an entity
  3. Cognitive Component: Beliefs about an entity
• What does the affective component of an attitude refer to?

  A person’s emotions towards an entity
• What does the behavioral component of an attitude refer to?

  A person’s preferred actions towards an entity
• What does the cognitive component of an attitude refer to?

  A person’s beliefs about an entity
• How do the components of attitudes apply to vaping?

  • Affective: Feelings about vaping (like/dislike)
  • Behavioral: Actions towards vaping (buy/use/avoid)
  • Cognitive: Beliefs about vaping (harmful/less harmful)
• What is the example used to illustrate the components of attitudes?

  Vaping and its associated feelings, actions, beliefs
• What does the 'ABC' challenge refer to in attitudes?

  The components may not align with each other
• What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)?

  • Explains relationship between beliefs and behavior
  • Predicts behaviors like reckless driving and dieting
  • Considers intention based on beliefs

  
• What are the three types of beliefs in the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

  Behavioral, Normative, Control Beliefs

  
• What do behavioral beliefs refer to in TPB?

  Beliefs about outcomes of a behavior
• What do normative beliefs refer to in TPB?

  Beliefs about others' expectations of behavior
• What do control beliefs refer to in TPB?

  Beliefs about factors facilitating or hindering behavior

  
• What is the relationship between intention and behavior in TPB?

  • Intention is influenced by attitudes, norms, and control beliefs
  • Strong intention leads to higher likelihood of behavior
  • External factors can hinder actual behavior

  
• What is a criticism of the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

  It neglects the role of emotions
• What is meant by 'inclined abstainers' in TPB criticisms?

  Individuals who intend to act but fail to do so
• What are the key points from Part 1 of the lecture?

  • Attitudes are evaluations of entities with varying strength
  • Comprised of affect, behavior, and cognition (ABC)
  • Components can lack alignment
  • TPB describes cognition-behavior relationship
• What are the psychological functions of attitudes according to Katz?

  Knowledge, Instrumental, Value-Expressive, Ego-Defensive
• How do attitudes serve a knowledge function?

  They help explain and understand the world
• What is the instrumental function of attitudes?

  Maximizes chances of positive outcomes
• How do attitudes express identity according to Katz?

  By reinforcing sense of self and identity
• What is the ego-defensive function of attitudes?

  Protects self-esteem and justifies actions
• How do attitudes shape our interpretation of the world?

  They act as spectacles for viewing reality
• What influences the content of attitudes?

  Cultures and communities shape attitudes
• How does knowing one likes clothes influence behavior?

  It leads to actions that acquire more clothes
• What do attitudes help individuals to do?

  Defend themselves
• How can attitudes be expressed in political beliefs?

  They shape interpretations of political situations
• What is an example of justifying a behavior despite knowing its negative effects?

  Drinking coke while disliking alcohol
• What can someone knowledgeable about clothes provide?

  Information on good brands
• What role do attitudes play in interpreting experiences?

  • Shape interpretation of everything
  • Act as spectacles for viewing the world
  • Influenced by culture and community
  • Often resistant to change
• What is the main finding of Lord et al. (1979) regarding attitudes?

  Attitudes resist change despite mixed evidence
• What was the method used in Lord et al.'s study?

  Evaluating studies on capital punishment effectiveness
• What was the irony found in Lord et al.'s study results?

  Mixed evidence increased disagreement among groups