PSYC201

• Whose studies influenced Watson's view of learning?

  Ivan Pavlov
• What did Skinner believe regulates seemingly spontaneous actions?

  Rewards and punishment
• What is the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

  Salivation in response to the bell
• What happens if an animal repeatedly hears a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus?

  The animal will learn to suppress the response
• What are the two types of behavior defined by Skinner?

  Respondent Behavior and Operant Behavior
• Compare reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning.

  Reinforcement:

  • Behavior Increases
  • Positive Reinforcement: Something is added to increase desired behavior
  • Negative Reinforcement: Something is removed to increase desired behavior

  Punishment:

  • Behavior Decreases
  • Positive Punishment: Something is added to decrease undesired behavior
  • Negative Punishment: Something is removed to decrease undesired behavior
• What are some arguments against using punishment in operant conditioning?

  1. It causes unfortunate emotions
  2. It indicates what the organism should not do, not what it should do
  3. It justifies inflicting pain on others
  4. It elicits aggression toward the punisher
  5. It often replaces one undesirable behavior with another undesirable response
  6. It conditions the organism to suppress undesirable behavior only when the punisher is present
• What was Watson's view on the origin of human behavior?

  Human behavior results from specific stimuli that elicit certain responses
• What learning process is Pavlov well known for researching?

  Classical conditioning
• Against which approach was Behaviorism developed?

  The introspective approach
• What was Pavlov's profession?

  Russian Physiologist
• What serendipitous discovery did Pavlov make?

  Conditioned Reflex
• What is a Conditioned Response (CR) in classical conditioning?

  • A response
  • Triggered by a CS
• Why is Pavlov’s research limited when applied to human behavior?

  Human behavior is driven by complex emotions and thought processes that cannot all be observed
• What are some criticisms of Clark Leonard Hull’s theory?

  1. Little value in explaining behavior beyond the laboratory
  2. Insisting all concepts be operationally defined
  3. Making inconsistent predictions
• What is Operant Behavior in operant conditioning?

  • Elicited by an unknown stimulus
  • Controlled by its consequences
• What is a reinforcer in operant conditioning?

  Anything that increases the rate at which an operant response occurs
• What is the Recency Principle?

  "The response performed last in the presence of a set of stimuli will be that which will be done when that stimulus combination next recurs"
• How can teachers use Guthrie’s concept of incompatible responses to break unwanted behaviors?

  • Replace disruptive behavior with a new activity that makes the unwanted behavior less likely to occur
• How does Guthrie view habit formation and reinforcement in learning?

  • Habits are key to learning
  • Emphasizes creating clear, consistent associations between classroom actions and positive outcomes
• How does the environment and context affect learning according to Guthrie?

  • Specific contexts or environments can impact recall and application of knowledge
  • Changing environments can disrupt associations
• What are the criticisms of Guthrie's theory?

  1. Conflicts with Thorndike's Law of Effect regarding reinforcement
  2. Oversimplification of learning by ignoring cognitive processes
  3. Does not adequately address more complex learning processes like constructivist principles
• What did Thorndike's Law of Effect state?

  Responses followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated
• How do cognitive psychologists criticize Guthrie's theory?

  They argue that it oversimplifies learning by ignoring cognitive processes such as reasoning, memory, and internal motivation, which influence behavior beyond stimulus-response connections
• How does Guthrie's theory neglect reinforcement?

  It overlooks the complexities of learning as rewards and punishments significantly influence behavior
• On what should conclusions about human development be based according to Watson?

  Observation of overt behavior
• What is Respondent Behavior in operant conditioning?

  • Elicited by a known stimulus
  • Includes reflexes such as pupil constriction to bright light
  • Salivation to food
• What are the two principles of Operant Conditioning?

  1. Any response followed by a reinforcing stimulus tends to be repeated
  2. A reinforcing stimulus increases the rate of an operant response
• What are punishers in operant conditioning?

  Consequences that suppress a response and decrease the likelihood of its future occurrence
• What is the incompatible response method for breaking habits according to Guthrie?

  • Introducing a behavior that makes the original habit impossible or impractical
  • For example, giving a student who speaks out of turn a task requiring quiet concentration
• What are the strengths of Guthrie's theory?

  1. Simplicity
  2. Empirical Support (e.g., Cats in a Puzzle Box experiment)
  3. Practical Applications in education and behavior modification
• According to Skinner, who shapes people?

  The world shapes people
• What are the main criticisms of Behaviorism?

  • Overly deterministic by ignoring internal psychological and mental processes
  • Oversimplifies the complexity of human behavior
  • Defines human beings as mechanisms without free will
  • Cannot account for learning in the absence of environmental input
  • Principles of conditioning are not universal across species
• What concepts did Pavlov's Conditioned Reflex Experiment develop?

  Unconditioned Stimulus (US), Unconditioned Response (UR), Conditioned Stimulus (CS), Conditioned Response (CR)
• What experiments did Bandura conduct that challenged reinforcement as the sole source of learning?

  • Bobo Doll experiments in the 1960s
  • Children who saw violent behavior mimicked it
  • Control group rarely acted violently
• What would be the outcome if the CS is continuously presented alone without the US in classical conditioning?

  Extinction of the conditioned response
• How do successful outcomes influence observers' imitation behavior?

  Successful outcomes make it more likely for observers to imitate the model’s behavior
• What is a food pellet used as in operant conditioning?

  A reinforcer
• How are field expectancies developed?

  • In the same way as a cognitive map is developed
  • Through learning what leads to what
  • Associating a sign with another sign that follows
• According to Hull’s Postulate 2, how does behavior arise?

  Behavior is a function of interacting stimuli and their traces, with synthesis determining behavior