PSYC201

    avatar
    Created by
    Xela Espada

    Cards (59)

    • Who discovered classical conditioning?

      Ivan Pavlov
    • Any stimulus that triggers a natural and automatic response.
      Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
    • A natural and automatic response to stimulus.
      Unconditioned Response (UR)
    • Any neutral stimulus that does not trigger a natural and automatic response.
      Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
    • A response that is triggered by a CS.
      Conditioned Response (CR)
    • External stimuli either (/) or (/) cortical activity in the brain, depending on the conditioned reflexes acquired.
      Excitation and Inhibition
    • When an event consistently occurs in the environment, they develop neurological representation in the brain, and responses to the event become rapid and automatic.
      Dynamic Stereotype
    • Refers to the tendency for the excitation to spill-over to the other parts of the brain, and leads to Generalization
      Irradiation
    • Refers to the tendency to respond in the same way to similar stimuli
      Generalization
    • Takes place when only specific areas of the brain are aroused or inhibited, and leads to Discrimination
      Concentration
    • Refers to the tendency to respond only to a specific stimuli.
      Discrimination
    • A learning process that involves associating a neutral stimulus with a reflex response. This process creates new stimulus-response connections and can lead to the development of new behaviors. 
      Classical conditioning
    • What are the steps to Classical Conditioning?
      Excitation and Inhibition - Dynamic Stereotype - Irradiation - Generalization - Concentration - Discrimination
    • Who discovered Operant Conditioning?

      B.F. Skinner
    • Rewarding of part of a desired behavior or a random act that approaches it.
      Operant Conditioning
    • A type of behavior that is elicited by a known stimulus.
      Respondent Behavior
    • A type of behavior that is elicited by an unknown stimulus, and is controlled by its consequences.
      Operant Behavior
    • A type of conditioning that emphasizes the function of the stimulus; studied by Pavlov.
      Type S
    • A type of conditioning which emphasizes the function of the response; studied by Skinner
      Type R
    • (/) of reinforcer.
      Deprivation
    • The feeder mechanism is activated by the experimenter and produces a loud clicking sound before delivering a pellet of food into the food cup; gradually the rat associates the click of the magazine with the presence of food (which is the reinforcer)
      Magazine Training
    • Eventually the rat will press the lever, which will fire the food magazine, producing a click that reinforces the bar press, and also signals the rat to go to the food cup, where it is reinforced by food.
      Lever Pressing
    • Something is added to increase desired behavior.
      Positive Reinforcement
    • Something is added to decrease undesired behavior.
      Positive Punishment
    • Something is removed to increase desired behavior.
      Negative Reinforcement
    • Something is removed to decrease undesired behavior.
      Negative Punishment
    • Occurs when a response removes something positive or adds something negative.
      Punishment
    • Who discovered Law of Contiguity?
      Edwin Ray Guthrie
    • Refers to the closed timing between the occurrence of a stimulus and the corresponding response. 

      Contiguity
    • Occurs through actual movement or response, not just observation.

      Learning
    • The precise (/) we perform becomes associated with the situation.
      Action
    • Are learned behaviors in response to various cues.
      Habit
    • More complex behaviors that are composed of movements, where each movements is a small stimulus-response combination.

      Habit
    • Habit-breaking method wherein a new response must be strong enough to override the existing one.

      Threshold
    • Habit-breaking method wherein one intentionally repeat a behavior to the point of exhaustion.

      Fatigue
    • Habit-breaking method wherein one discourage a habit by introducing an incompatible response; makes the habit impossible or impractical.

      Incompatible response
    • "Learning happens during a single study, which means that a powerful connection is created the first time a stimulus and a response are combined."
      One-trial Learning
    • An experiment that suggests that the association between the stimulus and the response was established during the single trial.
      Cats in the Puzzle Box
    • Learning might occur in the absence of _.
      reward
    • The strength of an association between a stimuli and response depends on the frequency with which it occurs.
      Law of Frequency
    See similar decks