Science(States of Matter)

• What are the states of matter?

  Different forms substances can exist in
• How are states of matter defined?

  Based on energy and particle organization
• What is the characteristic of solids?

  Particles tightly packed with fixed shape
• Why do solids have a definite shape and volume?

  Particles are tightly packed and vibrate in place
• What is the characteristic of liquids?

  Particles close but can move freely
• Why do liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape?

  Particles can flow and change position
• What is the characteristic of gases?

  Particles widely spaced and free to move
• What are the key characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases?

  Solids:

  • Definite shape and volume
  • Particles tightly packed and vibrate

  
  

  Liquids:

  • Definite volume, no fixed shape
  • Particles close together but can move freely

  
  

  Gases:

  • No definite shape or volume
  • Particles widely spaced and move freely
• What are the main phase transitions between states of matter?

  1. Melting: Solid → Liquid
  2. Freezing: Liquid → Solid
  3. Evaporation: Liquid → Gas
  4. Condensation: Gas → Liquid
  5. Sublimation: Solid → Gas
  6. Deposition: Gas → Solid
• What drives phase transitions?

  Gain or loss of energy, usually heat
• What is sublimation?


  A solid changes directly to a gas
• What is the compressibility of gases?


  Gases can be squeezed into smaller spaces
• What is the smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical identity?

  Atom
• What are the three main components of an atom?

  Nucleus, electron orbits, electrons
• What is the charge of neutrons?

  Neutral
• What is the central core of an atom called?

  Nucleus
• What does the nucleus of an atom contain?

  Protons and neutrons
• What is the collective term for protons and neutrons?

  Nucleons
• How small is the nucleus compared to the overall size of the atom?

  About 1/100,000th of the atom's diameter
• What determines the atomic number of an element?

  The number of protons
• How do neutrons affect atomic mass and stability?


  They affect atomic mass and stability
• What are isotopes?


  Atoms with the same protons but different neutrons
• What are the three naturally occurring isotopes of carbon?

  Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Carbon-14
• How do neutrons stabilize the nucleus?

  They offset repulsive forces between protons
• What is the charge of electrons?

  Negative
• How do electrons move around the nucleus?

  In specific energy levels or electron shells
• What happens when electrons absorb or release energy?

  They can jump between shells
• How many protons and electrons does a hydrogen atom have?

  One proton and one electron
• What are the three main orbital types and their maximum electrons?

  1. orbital: 2, p-orbital: 6, d-orbital: 10
• What is the shape of an s-orbital?

  Spherical
• What is the shape of a p-orbital?

  Dumbbell
• What is the shape of a d-orbital?

  Complex
• How many maximum electrons can a p-orbital hold?

  6
• How many maximum electrons can a d-orbital hold?

  10
• What charge do electrons have?

  Negative
• What charge do protons have?

  Positive
• What is the relationship between electron shells and energy levels?


  Electron shells are arranged by energy levels
• What do atomic number and mass number represent?

  Atomic number is protons; mass number is protons plus neutrons
• What is the atomic number of carbon-12?

  6
• What is the mass number of carbon-12?


  12