surgery

• Who discovered that the heart pumped blood around the body?

  Galen
• What was the difference found by Galen between veins and arteries?

  Veins carry blood to the heart, arteries away
• Where did Galen believe blood was made?

  In the liver
• What did Galen claim about blood usage in the body?

  It was used up by muscles
• Who tied ligatures around blood vessels to stop blood loss?

  Pare
• What was the significance of Pare's method?

  It helped control bleeding during surgery
• What is the title of Vesalius's book?

  Fabric of the Human Body
• What did Vesalius do that disproved Galen's ideas?

  He dissected human bodies
• Who discovered how blood circulated around the body?

  Harvey
• What did Harvey disprove about blood production?

  That blood was made in the liver
• What did Harvey claim about blood usage?

  It is not used up by muscles
• What theory did Pasteur develop in 1861?

  Germ theory
• What did Pasteur's germ theory state?

  Bacteria caused infection
• Who used carbolic acid in surgery?

  Joseph Lister
• What was the purpose of using carbolic acid?

  To stop infection during surgery
• What inspired Joseph Lister's antiseptic methods?

  Germ theory
• What was the death rate of Lister's patients before using antiseptics?

  46%
• What was the death rate of Lister's patients after using antiseptics?

  15%
• Who introduced chloroform as an anesthetic?

  James Simpson
• What was the effect of chloroform on patients during surgery?

  Prevented death from shock and pain
• How did chloroform impact surgical procedures?

  Allowed longer and more complex surgeries