surgery

• What were the three main problems faced by surgeons in the medieval period?

  Infection, pain, and blood loss
• Who primarily performed surgeries during the medieval period?

  Barber surgeons
• Why was surgery often ineffective in the medieval period?

  Surgeons knew little about surgery and anatomy
• What methods did medieval surgeons use for pain relief?

  Hemlock, mandrake, and opium
• What was a major issue with the pain relief methods used in the medieval period?

  They didn't know the correct dosage
• How did medieval surgeons deal with blood loss?

  By cauterising large cuts
• What was the method of cauterisation?

  Sealing wounds with a burning iron
• What substances did medieval surgeons use to clean wounds?

  Wine, vinegar, or honey
• Why were the cleaning methods used by medieval surgeons ineffective?

  They could not prevent infections spreading
• Who wrote a surgical manual to educate other surgeons?

  John of Ardene
• What did Abulcasis contribute to surgery?

  He wrote a medical book and popularized cauterisation
• What was the criticism made by Hugh of Lucca and Theodric regarding wound healing?

  They suggested using wine instead of pus
• Why did the ideas of Hugh of Lucca and Theodric not become popular?

  They went against Hippocrates' teachings
• What did Vesalius believe was important in the study of anatomy?

  Asking questions and challenging existing ideas
• What was the title of Vesalius' influential book published in 1543?

  'The Fabric of the Human Body'
• What significant anatomical mistakes did Vesalius prove about Galen's work?

  The human jawbone is one bone, not two
• How did the invention of the printing press impact Vesalius' work?

  It made his book widely available to doctors
• What was the reaction of many doctors to Vesalius' encouragement of dissections?

  They criticized him for challenging Galen
• What were the positive impacts of Vesalius' work?

  Improved anatomical knowledge and inspired dissections
• What were the negative impacts of Vesalius' work?

  Many doctors dismissed his ideas and followed Galen
• Where did William Harvey study medicine?

  Cambridge and Padua
• What was Harvey's significant contribution to anatomy and physiology?

  He proved the heart pumps blood around the body
• What was the short-term impact of Harvey's discoveries?

  His theory was not accepted initially
• What was the long-term impact of Harvey's work?

  It marked a turning point in understanding blood circulation
• Who was Pare and where did he learn his skills?

  A French surgeon who learned on the battlefield
• What was Pare's initial method for dealing with gunshot wounds?

  Pouring boiling oil on the wounds
• What was the outcome when Pare ran out of boiling oil?

  He created a mixture that worked effectively
• What did Pare design for wounded soldiers?

  False limbs
• What was Pare's method for stopping bleeding?

  Experimenting with ligatures
• Why were ligatures considered dangerous?

  They could carry infection
• What were the positive impacts of Pare's work?

  Encouraged surgeons to think independently
• What were the negative impacts of Pare's work?

  Ligatures weren't used until effective antiseptics
• What anaesthetic did Simpson discover in 1847?

  Chloroform
• Why was chloroform considered an effective anaesthetic?

  It was faster acting and gentler
• What was the opposition to chloroform?

  Concerns about long-term side effects and dosage
• How did Queen Victoria's use of chloroform impact its acceptance?

  It reduced opposition to chloroform
• What was the short-term impact of chloroform on surgery?

  Allowed longer and more complex surgeries
• What was the long-term impact of chloroform?

  Encouraged experimentation with better anaesthetics