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    Cards (31)

    • What is the definition of the respiratory membrane?
      It is the barrier for gas exchange.
    • What components make up the respiratory membrane?
      Alveolar cells, basement membranes, interstitial space, capillary endothelium.
    • What are the types of alveolar epithelial cells?
      Type I and type II pneumocytes.
    • What is the alveolar-capillary membrane?
      It is where alveolar walls contact capillary walls.
    • How do the respiratory membrane and alveolar-capillary membrane differ?
      The respiratory membrane is the entire barrier; alveolar-capillary is a specific part.
    • Where is the tracheal epithelium located?
      In the trachea, also known as the windpipe.
    • What is the function of the tracheal epithelium?
      It protects the respiratory system from pathogens and debris.
    • What type of cells line the inner tracheal epithelium?
      Ciliated cells.
    • What do ciliated cells in the trachea do?
      They move mucus loaded with debris toward the mouth.
    • What happens to mucus when it reaches the back of the throat?
      It can be swallowed or spit out.
    • What happens to mucus when swallowed?
      It travels to the stomach where acid neutralizes it.
    • What anatomical features of the conducting zone should be known?
      Order, size differences, cilia proportion, goblet cells.
    • What does "suction exerted on visceral pleura" refer to?
      It refers to pressure changes affecting lung movement.
    • What occurs during inhalation regarding pleural cavity pressure?
      Pleural cavity pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure.
    • What happens to pleural pressure during exhalation?
      It becomes even more negative as the chest expands.
    • What is tidal volume?
      The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath.
    • What is inspiratory reserve volume?
      The additional air that can be forcefully inhaled.
    • What is expiratory reserve volume?
      The additional air that can be forcefully exhaled.
    • What is residual volume?
      The air remaining in the lungs after forceful exhalation.
    • Why is residual volume important?
      It prevents lung collapse by keeping them partially inflated.
    • What is inspiratory capacity?
      The maximum air that can be inhaled after exhalation.
    • What is vital capacity?
      The maximum air that can be exhaled after deep inhalation.
    • What is dead space air?
      Air in the conducting zone that doesn't reach alveoli.
    • What percentage of tidal volume is dead space air?
      About 30% of tidal volume.
    • What roles does dead space air serve?
      Prepares air for alveoli, filters, humidifies, regulates breathing.
    • Does deep breathing trigger parasympathetic nervous activity?
      Yes, it promotes relaxation and reduces stress.
    • What does vagus nerve stimulation promote?
      It sends signals to promote relaxation.
    • What happens to sympathetic activity during deep breathing?
      It reduces heart rate and promotes relaxation.
    • What is the effect of increased parasympathetic tone?
      It leads to calmness and improved digestion.
    • What are the definitions of lung volumes and capacities?
      • Tidal volume: Air in a normal breath.
      • Inspiratory reserve volume: Extra air after normal inhalation.
      • Expiratory reserve volume: Extra air after normal exhalation.
      • Residual volume: Air remaining after forceful exhalation.
      • Inspiratory capacity: Max air inhaled after normal exhalation.
      • Vital capacity: Max air exhaled after deep inhalation.
    • What is the summary of the differences between the respiratory membrane and alveolar-capillary membrane?
      • Respiratory membrane: Entire gas-exchange barrier.
      • Alveolar-capillary membrane: Specific area for direct gas exchange.
      • Both terms are closely related and often used interchangeably.
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