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Cards (31)
What is the definition of the respiratory membrane?
It is the barrier for
gas exchange
.
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What components make up the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar cells
,
basement membranes
, interstitial space,
capillary endothelium
.
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What are the types of alveolar epithelial cells?
Type I
and
type II
pneumocytes
.
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What is the alveolar-capillary membrane?
It is where alveolar walls contact capillary walls.
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How do the respiratory membrane and alveolar-capillary membrane differ?
The respiratory membrane is the
entire
barrier
; alveolar-capillary is a
specific
part.
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Where is the tracheal epithelium located?
In the trachea, also known as the
windpipe
.
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What is the function of the tracheal epithelium?
It protects the
respiratory system
from
pathogens
and debris.
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What type of cells line the inner tracheal epithelium?
Ciliated cells
.
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What do ciliated cells in the trachea do?
They move
mucus
loaded with debris toward the mouth.
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What happens to mucus when it reaches the back of the throat?
It
can
be
swallowed
or
spit
out.
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What happens to mucus when swallowed?
It travels to the
stomach
where
acid
neutralizes it.
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What anatomical features of the conducting zone should be known?
Order, size differences, cilia proportion,
goblet cells
.
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What does "suction exerted on visceral pleura" refer to?
It refers to
pressure changes
affecting
lung movement
.
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What occurs during inhalation regarding pleural cavity pressure?
Pleural cavity pressure is lower than
atmospheric pressure
.
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What happens to pleural pressure during exhalation?
It becomes even more negative as the chest expands.
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What is tidal volume?
The amount of air
inhaled
or
exhaled
in one breath.
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What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The additional air that can be forcefully
inhaled
.
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What is expiratory reserve volume?
The additional air that can be
forcefully
exhaled.
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What is residual volume?
The air remaining in the lungs after
forceful
exhalation.
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Why is residual volume important?
It prevents
lung collapse
by keeping them partially inflated.
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What is inspiratory capacity?
The maximum air that can be
inhaled
after exhalation.
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What is vital capacity?
The maximum air that can be
exhaled
after deep
inhalation
.
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What is dead space air?
Air in the
conducting zone
that doesn't reach
alveoli
.
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What percentage of tidal volume is dead space air?
About
30%
of tidal volume.
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What roles does dead space air serve?
Prepares air for
alveoli
, filters, humidifies,
regulates
breathing.
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Does deep breathing trigger parasympathetic nervous activity?
Yes, it promotes
relaxation
and reduces stress.
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What does vagus nerve stimulation promote?
It
sends
signals
to
promote
relaxation.
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What happens to sympathetic activity during deep breathing?
It reduces
heart rate
and promotes relaxation.
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What is the effect of increased parasympathetic tone?
It leads to
calmness
and improved digestion.
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What are the definitions of lung volumes and capacities?
Tidal volume
: Air in a normal breath.
Inspiratory reserve volume
: Extra air after normal inhalation.
Expiratory reserve volume
: Extra air after normal exhalation.
Residual volume
: Air remaining after forceful exhalation.
Inspiratory capacity
: Max air inhaled after normal exhalation.
Vital capacity
: Max air exhaled after deep inhalation.
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What is the summary of the differences between the respiratory membrane and alveolar-capillary membrane?
Respiratory membrane: Entire
gas-exchange
barrier.
Alveolar-capillary membrane: Specific area for direct gas exchange.
Both terms are closely related and often used interchangeably.
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