Bio topic 1

• What are monomers?

  Smaller units that create larger molecules
• What are polymers made from?

  Lots of monomers bonded together
• What type of reaction creates polymers?

  Condensation reaction
• What is a hydrolysis reaction?

  Breaking apart monomers using water
• What are the three levels of carbohydrate size?

  • Monosaccharides: one sugar unit
  • Disaccharides: two sugar units
  • Polysaccharides: many sugar units
• Name three monosaccharides.

  Glucose, fructose, galactose
• What are the three disaccharides you need to know?

  Sucrose, maltose, lactose
• What is the structure of alpha glucose?

  Hydrogen on top, hydroxyl group on bottom
• How does beta glucose differ from alpha glucose?

  Hydroxyl group is on top in beta glucose
• What bond forms between two monosaccharides?

  Glycosidic bond
• What is the word equation for maltose formation?

  Glucose + Glucose
• What is the function of starch in plants?

  Store glucose for chemical energy
• What is the function of cellulose in plants?

  Provide structural strength in cell walls
• Where is glycogen primarily found in animals?

  Liver and muscle cells
• What type of glucose do starch and glycogen use?

  Alpha glucose
• What type of glucose does cellulose use?

  Beta glucose
• What is the significance of glycosidic bond positions?

  They determine the structure and function
• What is amylose's structure?

  Unbranched polymer that coils into a helix
• What is the advantage of amylopectin's branching?

  Increases surface area for enzyme action
• Why are polysaccharides insoluble?

  They are large and hydrophobic
• What is the structure of cellulose?

  Long straight chains with hydrogen bonds
• What is the key difference between glycogen and starch?

  Glycogen has more one to six bonds
• What are the two types of lipids mentioned?

  Triglycerides and phospholipids
• What is the structure of a triglyceride?

  One glycerol and three fatty acids
• How are triglycerides formed?

  Through three condensation reactions
• What is an ester bond?

  Bond formed between glycerol and fatty acids
• What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

  Saturated have no double bonds; unsaturated do
• What is the function of triglycerides?

  Energy storage
• Why do triglycerides not affect water potential?

  They are large and hydrophobic
• What is the structure of phospholipids?

  One glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
• What is the role of the phosphate group in phospholipids?

  It creates a hydrophilic head
• How do phospholipids arrange in water?

  Heads face water, tails face inward
• What are proteins made from?

  Amino acids
• What is the general structure of an amino acid?

  Central carbon, hydrogen, amino, and carboxyl groups
• What bond forms between amino acids?

  Peptide bond
• What is the primary structure of a protein?

  Order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
• What is the secondary structure of a protein?

  Folding into alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
• What stabilizes the tertiary structure of a protein?

  Ionic, hydrogen, and disulfide bonds
• What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

  Protein made of more than one polypeptide chain
• What is the function of enzymes?

  Catalyze reactions by lowering activation energy