Bio topic 2

• What is the overall function of the nucleus?

  DNA replication and transcription
• What are the key structures within the nucleus?

  Nuclear envelope, pores, nucleoplasm, chromosomes, nucleolus
• What is produced in the nucleolus?

  RNA and ribosomes
• What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

  RER has ribosomes on its surface
• What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  Protein synthesis
• What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesize?

  Lipids and carbohydrates
• What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

  Folded membrane in a systemy shape
• What happens to molecules in the Golgi apparatus?

  They are modified and packaged
• What are lysosomes involved in?

  Digestion and phagocytosis
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Aerobic respiration and ATP production
• What type of DNA do mitochondria have?

  Loop of DNA similar to prokaryotic DNA
• What are ribosomes made of?

  rRNA and proteins
• What size ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

  80S
• What size ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells?

  70S
• What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?

  Support and storage of substances
• What is the role of chloroplasts?

  Site of photosynthesis
• What are thylakoid membranes involved in?

  Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
• What is the function of the cell wall?

  Provides structural strength and support
• What is the composition of plant cell walls?

  Cellulose
• What is the composition of fungal cell walls?

  Chitin
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  Controls entry and exit of substances
• What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles
• What is the structure of viruses?

  Genetic material, capsid, and attachment proteins
• How do viruses replicate?

  Inside host cells by injecting nucleic acid
• What are the three main types of microscopes?

  Optical, transmission electron, scanning electron
• What is magnification?

  How many times larger the image is
• What determines the resolution of an optical microscope?

  The wavelength of light
• What determines the resolution of an electron microscope?

  The wavelength of the beam of electrons
• Why do electron microscopes have higher resolution than optical microscopes?

  Electrons have a shorter wavelength than light
• What is the difference in image production between optical and electron microscopes?

  Optical uses light, electron uses electrons
• What is the advantage of optical microscopes?

  Can view living samples and produce color images
• What is the disadvantage of electron microscopes?

  Cannot view living samples
• What is the eyepiece graticule used for?

  To measure the size of objects under a microscope
• What is cell fractionation?

  Isolating organelles for further study
• Why must the solution be cold during cell fractionation?

  To reduce enzyme activity
• Why must the solution be isotonic during cell fractionation?

  To prevent organelles from bursting or shriveling
• Why must the solution be buffered during cell fractionation?

  To maintain pH and prevent damage
• What is the first step in cell fractionation?

  Homogenization to break open cells
• What happens during ultra centrifugation?

  Organelles separate according to their densities
• What is the order of density for organelles during centrifugation?

  Nuclei, chloroplasts, mitochondria, lysosomes, ER, ribosomes