heart

• heart rate:


  number of times your heart beats every minute in bpm
• average resting heart rate is 70-75bpm
• HR reserve=max HR-resting HR
• Target HR=HR reserve x intensity% + resting HR
• aerobic


  =low intensity

  e.g. marathon runner

  -long time
• anaerobic 


  =high intensity

  e.g. sprinter

  -short time
• stroke volume:


  amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat
• cardiac output:


  amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart per minute
• cardiac output=stroke volume x heart rate
• Function of the Cardio Vascular System:

  -transportation

  -clots blood

  -regulating body temperature

  -vasucular shunting - blood distrbution
• transportation in the CV system:

  oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, glucose,waste production, water
• regulating body temperature in the CV system:

  vasodilation=luman widens

  vasoconstriction=luman narrows
• what is vasodilation?


  =luman widens

  -removes heat

  when you exercise you get hotter therefore your luman widens
• what is vasoconstriction?


  =luman narrows

  -keeps heat in
• clotting blood in the CV system:


  e.g. when you ice skate, and get cut yourself on the blade, clotting blood means they can continue to preform
• vasular shunting-blood distribution in the CV system:


  • during exercise the body can distribute blood from areas where it is not needed to where it is needed
  • involuntary muscles in the blood vessels contract to restrict the amount of blood in areas where blood is not needed in physical activity e.g.kideys,liver,digestive system
• maximum heart rate=220-age 


  aerobic = 60-80%

  anaerobic = 80-90%
• plasma:


  helps transport substances around the body:

  -water

  -gulcose

  -waste products

  -urea
• platelets:

  • helps to clot blood
  • carried by blood
  • repair tissue
• white blood cells:


  • bigger than red blood cells
  • transported by the blood
  • help high infections + diseases
• red blood cells:


  • most common cell in blood
  • help transport oxygen to tissue
  • biconcave shape
• blood:

  transports substances around the body

  -oxygen=lungs-->heart--body

  -carbon dioxide=tissue-->heart

  -hormones=one organ to another

  -nutrients=intestin-->kidneys

  -waster products=kidneys
• systole=


  when a chamber is contracting and ejecting blood
• diastole=


  when a chamber is relaxing and recieving blood
• blood pressure:


  depends on the speed of the blood coming in vessels and the width of it
• arteries in blood pressure:

  high speed

  medium width

  high pressure
• capillaries in blood pressure:

  medium speed

  narrow width

  medium pressure
• veins in blood pressure:

  slow speed

  wide width

  low pressure
• blood pressure is effected by:

  age=increases as you get older

  gender=men have a high blood pressure than women

  stress=increases

  diet=salt+saturated fats increase

  exercise=fitter you are the lower your blood pressure will be
• duel-action pump:


  2 pumps in heart
• What is coronary heart disease and its cause?

  • Condition resulting from blockage in the coronary

  arteries

  • Blockage leads to decreased blood flow to the heart
• What are the main components of blood?

  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Plasma
• What is the function of plasma in blood?

  transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout the body
• How do red blood cells transport oxygen?

  They transport oxygen attached to the haemoglobin group
• Why do red blood cells have a biconcave shape?

  To increase their surface area for binding more oxygen molecules
• What is the role of white blood cells?

  form part of the immune system and ingest pathogens
• What is the function of platelets in blood?

  important for blood clotting
• Describe the flow of blood through the heart.

  • Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the vena cava
  • Blood is pumped into the right ventricle
  • Blood is sent to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
  • Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins
  • Blood is pumped into the left ventricle
  • Blood leaves the heart via the aorta