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    Cards (25)

    • What is a subculture?
      A smaller culture within a broader culture
    • What are the four key features of working-class subculture that act as barriers to educational achievement?
      Fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification, present-time orientation
    • What does fatalism mean in the context of working-class subculture?
      Belief that fate determines life outcomes
    • How does collectivism differ from middle-class values?
      It values group belonging over individual success
    • What is immediate gratification?
      Seeking pleasure now instead of later rewards
    • How does present-time orientation affect working-class children?
      They prioritize the present over future goals
    • What do cultural deprivation theorists argue about working-class parents?
      They pass on beliefs that lead to underachievement
    • How might valuing immediate gratification affect a child's education?
      It may lead to early leaving school for work
    • Why do differences in values between working-class and middle-class exist according to Sugarman?
      Middle-class jobs offer secure career prospects
    • How does language impact education according to the study material?
      It affects cognitive and social development
    • What did Douglas's research find about language use in families?
      Middle-class families use more language at home
    • How do well-educated parents use language differently?
      They encourage a sense of competency in children
    • What is the effect of lower speech styles in working-class families?
      They inhibit children's question-asking abilities
    • What do cultural deprivation theorists claim about working-class language?
      It is deficient for educational success
    • What do critics like Hymes and Williams argue about children's language?
      The issue lies in the school's attitude towards it
    • What is the "speech hierarchy" mentioned by teachers?
      Labels students' speech from highest to lowest
    • What are the two types of speech code identified by Basil Bernstein?
      Restricted code and elaborated code
    • What characterizes the restricted code?
      Limited vocabulary and simple sentences
    • How does the elaborated code differ from the restricted code?
      It uses a wider vocabulary and complex sentences
    • What does context-free speech imply in the elaborated code?
      The speaker does not assume shared experiences
    • What is cultural deprivation?
      A theory explaining class differences in education
    • How does primary socialization influence children's beliefs?
      It shapes their values and attitudes towards education
    • What is the significance of job security in educational values?
      It encourages ambition and long-term planning
    • Why is language important in education?
      It facilitates cognitive and social development
    • What are the implications of speech codes on educational achievement?
      They influence how students communicate and learn
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