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Cards (25)
What is a subculture?
A
smaller
culture within a
broader
culture
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What are the four key features of working-class subculture that act as barriers to educational achievement?
Fatalism
,
collectivism
,
immediate gratification
,
present-time orientation
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What does fatalism mean in the context of working-class subculture?
Belief that fate determines
life outcomes
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How does collectivism differ from middle-class values?
It values group belonging over
individual
success
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What is immediate gratification?
Seeking
pleasure
now
instead
of
later
rewards
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How does present-time orientation affect working-class children?
They prioritize the present over
future goals
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What do cultural deprivation theorists argue about working-class parents?
They pass on beliefs that lead to
underachievement
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How might valuing immediate gratification affect a child's education?
It may lead to
early leaving
school for work
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Why do differences in values between working-class and middle-class exist according to Sugarman?
Middle-class jobs offer
secure
career prospects
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How does language impact education according to the study material?
It affects
cognitive
and
social development
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What did Douglas's research find about language use in families?
Middle-class
families use more language at
home
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How do well-educated parents use language differently?
They encourage a sense of
competency
in children
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What is the effect of lower speech styles in working-class families?
They inhibit children's question-asking
abilities
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What do cultural deprivation theorists claim about working-class language?
It is
deficient
for educational success
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What do critics like Hymes and Williams argue about children's language?
The issue lies in the school's attitude towards it
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What is the "speech hierarchy" mentioned by teachers?
Labels
students' speech
from
highest
to
lowest
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What are the two types of speech code identified by Basil Bernstein?
Restricted code
and
elaborated code
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What characterizes the restricted code?
Limited
vocabulary
and simple sentences
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How does the elaborated code differ from the restricted code?
It uses a
wider vocabulary
and
complex sentences
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What does context-free speech imply in the elaborated code?
The speaker does not assume
shared experiences
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What is cultural deprivation?
A
theory
explaining
class differences
in education
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How does primary socialization influence children's beliefs?
It shapes their
values
and
attitudes
towards education
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What is the significance of job security in educational values?
It encourages
ambition
and long-term planning
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Why is language important in education?
It
facilitates
cognitive
and
social development
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What are the implications of speech codes on educational achievement?
They influence how students
communicate
and learn
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