ANS

• What are the two main types of cholinergic receptors discussed?

  Nicotinic and muscarinic
• What is the effect of muscarinic agonists, and what is one clinical use?

  Physiological effects; clinical uses
• What is a presynaptic target for pharmacological intervention in cholinergic neurons?

  Within cholinergic neurons
• What are the two main types of neuromuscular blocking agents?

  Depolarising and non-depolarising
• What is the physiological effect of cholinesterase inhibitors?

  Enhance cholinergic transmission
• What neurotransmitter acts at autonomic ganglia?

  Acetylcholine (ACh)

  
• What neurotransmitter acts at neuroeffector junctions in the parasympathetic nervous system?

  Acetylcholine (ACh)

  
• What neurotransmitter acts at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

  Acetylcholine (ACh)

  
• How is the action of acetylcholine terminated?

  By acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

  
• What are the two types of activity that Dale distinguished for Acetylcholine?

  Nicotinic and muscarinic
• What substance mimics the effects of ACh at nicotinic receptors?

  Nicotine
• What type of channels are nicotinic receptors?

  Ligand-gated ion channels
• What ions do nicotinic receptors conduct?

  Na+ and K+
• How many subunits compose nicotinic receptors?

  5
• How many ACh binding sites do nicotinic receptors have?

  2
• What is the effect of stimulating nicotinic receptors in the adrenal medulla?

  Adrenaline secretion
• Where are nicotinic receptors found?

  NMJ, autonomic ganglia, CNS
• What substance mimics the effects of ACh at muscarinic receptors?

  Muscarine
• What substance blocks the effects of ACh at muscarinic receptors?

  Atropine
• What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

  G-protein coupled receptors
• Where are muscarinic receptors found?

  Neuroeffector junctions of parasympathetic NS
• Where else are muscarinic receptors found?

  Cholinergic sympathetic receptors, CNS
• How many muscarinic receptors have been cloned?

  Five (m1-m5)
• What is another name for the M1 muscarinic receptor?

  Neural
• What is the effect of M1 receptor activation?

  Activates phospholipase C
• What is the downstream effect of phospholipase C activation by M1 receptors?

  ↑ IP3, DAG
• What physiological response is mediated by M1 receptors?

  Gastric secretion
• What effect do M1 receptors have at ganglia?

  Slow excitatory effects
• What causes the slow excitatory effects at ganglia mediated by M1 receptors?

  ↓ K+ conductance
• Where do M1 receptors cause excitation?

  CNS
• What is another name for the M2 muscarinic receptor?

  Cardiac
• What is the effect of M2 receptor activation?

  Inhibit adenylate cyclase
• What is the downstream effect of adenylate cyclase inhibition by M2 receptors?

  ↓ cAMP
• What effect do M2 receptors mainly have?

  Mainly inhibitory effects
• What causes the inhibitory effects of M2 receptors?

  Increase in K+ and decrease in Ca2+
• What physiological response is mediated by M2 receptors?

  Cardiac inhibition
• What is the effect of M2 receptors on ACh release?

  Autoinhibition of ACh release
• What drug specifically inhibits M2 receptors?

  Gallamine
• What is another name for the M3 muscarinic receptor?

  Glandular/smooth muscle
• What is the effect of M3 receptor activation?

  Activates phospholipase C