Population change is the change in population numbers and characteristics over time
Population structure is the way a population is made up, perhaps by gender or ages
Crude birth rate is the number of crude births in a country per 1000 of the population in a year
Crude death rate is the number of crude deaths in a country per 1000 of the population in a year
Natural change is the difference between the number of deaths and number of births in a place
Natural increase is when the birth rate is higher than the death rate. The population will rise unless there is more emigration than natural increase
Natural decrease is when the birth rate is lower than the death rate. The population will fall unless there is more immigration than natural decrease
Dependency rate is the proportion of people in a country that are dependent on other people in that country for support
The Demographic Transition Model is a theoretical model based on the experience in MEDCs showing changes in population characteristics over time. It has 5 stages
Population pyramid is a type of bar graph that shows the structure of a population by sex and age category and may resemble a pyramid shape
Youth dependency is the proportion of people aged 14 or under in a population compared to those of working age (15-64)
Aged dependency is the proportion of people aged 65 or over in a population compared to those of working age
Migration is the permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one place to another. Migration can be classified, for example, forced eg. Due to war or famine or voluntary eg. Looking or better work
Immigration is the inward movement of people to a country from another
Emigration is the movement of people away from on country. The outward movement
Three reasons for falling birth rates:
Increase in family planning and use of contraception
Women stay in education longer and put their career first
Greater desire for material possessions
Three social implications of an ageing population;
Care for the elderly- more health services and geriatric care is needed
Impact on family life- with increased older people there can be stress/strain/conflict within families
Loneliness- many elderly people end up living on their own when their partners die. Many get depressed, feel lonely and vulnerable to crime and vandalism
Three economic implications of the aged dependency:
lower % of people in the workforce- a smaller working population means less income, tax and natural insurance contribution to the government with increased demand for healthcare and pension
Increased medical needs- expensive: quality healthcare is expensive- so the government will need to plan by setting money aside to pay for care homes, carers etc
benefits for the elderly are expensive : today a man retiring at 65 may live until he is 82 so the government has to pay pensions for additional years