Theme 3: Arab States

• Who makes up the population of Turkey? (Religion)

  Muslims mostly - Turkish speaking
• What did the Treaty of Sevres do?

  1920Legitimised Sykes-PicotSplit Turkey up between main powersArea for Kurds and Armenians
• Who led the Turkish nationalist wave before Lausanne?

  Mustafa Kemal
• What did Ataturk achieve at Lausanne?

  1923 Largely autonomous nation
• What was Ataturk's aim after WW1?

  get rid of foreign occupiers
• What was Ataturk's background/

  Military commander, disbanded Ottoman forces after WW1
• What was Ataturk able to rally support around in 1921?

  Opposition to Greek occupation around Izmir, drove them out 1921Sovereignty over East Thrace and Istanbul recognised 1923 in Lausanne
• What impact did Lausanne have on the Armenians?

  Left them without land
• What % of Turkish pop was Kurdish 1923?

  10% only
• What did Ataturk do for reform?

  Made himself father of Turkey, more secular dress, no fez or veil or turban. Latin letters introduced, women could vote and get education
• How successful was Ataturk's education reform?

  2003, less than 10% literacy gap between men and womenEthnic minorities crushed
• What did Ataturk do with regard to republicanism?

  1924 Constitution, Ataturk first President Elected Grand National Assembly
• How successful was Ataturk's republicanism and openness?

  1925 Law of maintenance -Opposition parties attacked1931 Press law limited their freedomsElections rarely held, Erdogan has been in power for 17yrsMonarchy not estabvlished
• What did Ataturk do with regard to secularism?

  Separated religion and State 1924, abolishing caliphatebanned religious marriagesReplaced Ministry of endowments with Civil Courts 1926
• How successful was Ataturk with secularism?

  1950s parties with overt Muslim ideas did well at electionsLegal and political systems side with secular ideas1990s, headscarves bannedMajor debate in last 20yrs
• What did Ataturk do with nationalism?

  Reinterpreted history with 1925 Turkish historical society1934, Ataturk's 'history of Turkish revolution' was compulsory education
• How successful was Ataturk's nationalism?

  Gave Turkey identityMore successful than other Arab states
• What was Ataturk's populism?

  Reform for all not just to benefit elite Turkish Hearth Movement set up lectures for whole nation 1932 'People's homes and rooms' gave public access to sport and recreation
• How successful was Ataturk's populism?

  Gave Turks an identity, excluded minorities
• What was Ataturk's economic plan and how successful was it/

  Centralised economic planning, kept relatively strong despite lack of oil.
• When were Ataturk's six arrows incorporated into the constitution?

  1937
• Who did the Young Turks expel?

  Ottoman Greeks Armenian Christians
• Who was blamed for Russian victories in WW1?

  Minorities
• How many Armenians were killed and when?

  1915-23 1.5 million killed
• Why was the Armenian genocide able to happen?

  Strong Turkish nationalism No Great Power intervention, Biden only called it a genocide in 2021 USA didn't want to lose NATO ally
• What are the themes used to assess theme 3?

  EconomicPolitical (rights and influence)Social (women's rights, education)ReligiousMilitary
• Which important religious sites does Saudi Arabia have/

  Mecca and Medina
• Which part of SA was under Ottoman rule/

  West Coast
• When was SA unified?

  1932
• Which WW1 Agreement was Saudi land involved in>

  McMahon - Hussein correspondence
• When was the first Saud recognised as king of Hejaz and Nejd?

  1927Abdul Azizi ibn Saud
• When was Saudi Arabia founded and why was it called that?

  1932After ibn Saud
• What was Wahhabism?

  Founded by Mohammed ibn Abd al-Wahhab in 18th centuryCalled for return to purity of 1st gen Muslims
• Why did the SA ruling class support Wahhabism?

  Part of opposition to Iran and Shia
• How did SA support Wahhabism?

  £6bn to fundamentalists (15% to al-quida)Funded Wahhabi schoolsInterior ministry funds religious police
• When did Sharif Hussein declare himself Caliph and what was the title?

  March 1924 Prince of the Faithful and successor of the Prophet
• What effect did Sharif's declaration have?

  Enraged Wahhabis, with ibn Saud they conquered Hejaz in 1924-5
• After conquering Hejaz what did ibn Saud do?

  United Hejaz and Nejd as kingdom of SA, in power until death in 1953
• What problems faced ibn Saud?

  Very poor countryWanted western innovations without alienating religious elite
• How was the issue of the poor nation attempted to be solved?

  1933, oil concessions to USA company.Oil found in 1938