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Paper 1
Research methods
Choosing a method
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Cards (79)
What do sociologists use to obtain data about society?
A variety of different
methods
and sources
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How can sociological methods be classified?
Primary
and
secondary sources
of data
Quantitative
and
qualitative data
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What is primary data?
Information collected by
sociologists
themselves
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What are the purposes of collecting primary data?
To obtain a
first-hand
picture or test a
hypothesis
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What methods are used to gather primary data?
Social
surveys
Participant observation
Experiments
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What is a social survey?
Asking people questions in a
questionnaire
or interview
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What is participant observation?
The
sociologist
joins in with the group's activities
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How often do sociologists use laboratory experiments?
Rarely
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What is a big advantage of using primary data?
Sociologists
can gather
precise
information
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What is a disadvantage of using primary data?
It can be
costly
and
time-consuming
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What is secondary data?
Information
collected
by someone else
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What are sources of secondary data?
Official statistics
Documents (
letters
, emails,
diaries
, etc.)
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What is an advantage of using secondary data?
It can be
quick
and
cheap
to research
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What is a disadvantage of using secondary data?
It may not align with
sociologists' questions
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What does quantitative data refer to?
Information in
numerical form
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What does
qualitative
data
provide
?
A 'feel' for what something is like
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How does participant observation contribute to qualitative data?
It gives insight into
group members' experiences
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What are the two types of data sources in sociology?
Primary sources
Secondary sources
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What are the strengths and limitations of different research methods?
Strengths: tailored data, rich insights
Limitations:
cost
,
time
,
access issues
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What practical issues influence the choice of research methods?
Time
and
money
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How does the scale of a survey affect its cost?
Large-scale
surveys are more expensive
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How can funding requirements influence research methods?
They may require
specific
data formats
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How do personal skills affect method choice?
Different skills suit different
methods
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Why might subject matter affect method choice?
Some groups are harder to
study
by certain methods
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What is a research opportunity?
An unexpected chance to
conduct research
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What ethical issues must sociologists consider?
Informed consent
,
confidentiality
, and
harm
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What is informed consent?
Participants'
right to refuse
involvement
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Why is confidentiality important in research?
To protect
participants' identities
and
privacy
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What potential harm must researchers anticipate?
Police intervention, social exclusion,
psychological
damage
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What special care is needed for vulnerable groups?
Consideration of
age
,
disability
, and health
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What is covert research?
Research where
identity
and
purpose
are hidden
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Why might covert methods be justified?
To access
secretive
or
dangerous
groups
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What does validity refer to in research?
A true or genuine
picture
of reality
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Why do qualitative methods provide more validity?
They offer
deeper
insights
through
experience
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What does reliability mean in research?
Consistency of
results
when repeated
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Which methods are more reliable in sociology?
Quantitative
methods like
questionnaires
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What does representativeness refer to?
Typical
cross-section
of the studied group
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How can a representative sample be achieved?
Using
sophisticated sampling techniques
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What are the two methodological perspectives in sociology?
Positivism
: prefers quantitative data
Interpretivism
: prefers qualitative data
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What do positivists seek in their research?
Patterns
of behavior and
scientific
understanding
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See all 79 cards
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