Dynamic planet

• The dynamic planet consists of the hydrosphere and lithosphere.
• The Forces Of Nature That Shape Planet Earth
• Processes within the Earth shape and influence the surface environment and the emergence and evolution of life.
• The Earth system includes the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
• Earth structure consists of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
• Earth is unique among the other planets in the solar system in that it has an environment where life has been able to thrive, evolving over billions of millions of years from single-cell bacteria to complex plants and animals.
• The two critical factors that led to the development of the diverse biosphere we see today are Earth’s distance from the Sun, which generates surface temperatures in the range where water can exist in both the liquid and vapor states, and the ability of our planet to retain its atmosphere, which allows the water to move.
• Closed systems are those that allow only energy to be transferred in or out.
• Systems that allow energy and matter to be transferred in and out are open systems.
• Virtually all-natural systems are open.
• Open systems are also constantly changing, making them dynamic systems.
• If fluxes of energy and matter in and out of systems are about the same, the system is approximately in a steady state.
• The earth is a closed system because only energy is naturally transferred outside the atmosphere.
• The system within the earth is an integrated system, but it can be subdivided into four main components, sub-systems or spheres: geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
• These components are also systems in their own right and they are tightly interconnected.
• The major components of the Earth system are climate, plate tectonics, and the geodynamo.
• The hydrosphere includes water and its associated elements.
• The outer core is also composed of iron and nickel, but because the pressures are lower it is liquid.
• The biosphere is contained within a shallow surface layer encompassing the lower part of the atmosphere, the surface of the geosphere and approximately the upper 100 metres of the ocean.
• Humans are part of the biosphere, although they are increasingly responsible for the creation of systems that may be largely artificial (such as cities).
• The Earth's internal structure can be considered in two fundamental ways: by composition and density (heavy or light) and by physical properties (for example, solid or liquid, weak or strong).
• Most of the mantle is solid but there is a part in the upper mantle, called the asthenosphere, that can slowly flow, like very thick syrup.
• The mantle makes up most of the geosphere and has a moderate density because it contains iron and magnesium along with some lighter elements, especially silicon and oxygen.
• Living organisms require a medium for life and are adapted to inhabit one or more of the other three spheres.
• The atmosphere includes air and its associated elements.
• The core is the innermost part of the geosphere and is mostly made up of metallic iron and nickel.
• The core, mantle, and crust are the three basic parts of the geosphere.
• The biosphere is layered and dynamic, with a radius of about 6,300 km.
• Earth’s magnetism originates in its core.
• The lithosphere includes the earth and its associated elements.
• The climate system is driven by heat from our Sun and is influenced by the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere.
• On average, about 60 of Earth's 550 historically active volcanoes are in eruption each year.
• Continental crust on average is about 50 km (30 miles) thick and contains a wide variety of light elements; silicon and aluminum are very abundant in continental crust.
• Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are awe-inspiring displays of the powerful forces of nature and can be extraordinarily destructive.
• Sura al-Hadid is placed in the middle of all 114 chapters.
• Earth is a dynamic planet that has been constantly changing since it came into being, driven by powerful convection cells inside the Earth, continents drift, giving rise to earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain ranges.
• Oceanic crust is only 5 to 8 km (a few miles) thick and mostly composed of iron, magnesium, calcium, silicon, and oxygen.
• These features largely reflect the movements of Earth’s major tectonic plates and many smaller plates or fragments of plates (including microplates).
• The crust is the thinnest layer in Earth’s internal structure.
• There are two types of crust: that which developed under oceans (oceanic crust) and that which developed on continents (continental crust).