VCE Chemistry Y12

• In a combustion reaction, a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light.
• Acids have a pH less than 7, while bases have a pH greater than 7.
• A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral (pure water).
• Phosphoric acid contains an oxygen-phosphorus double bond, which makes it very acidic.
• Fuels can be categorized into fuel choices and obtaining energy procure.
• A fuel is a substance that can be reacted with other substances, such as oxygen, leading to the release of energy for a specific purpose.
• Fuels can be renewable, which can be replenished by natural processes in a relatively short period of time, or non-renewable, which cannot be replenished in that period of time.
• Fossil fuels, such as coal, gas, and crude oil, are non-renewable fuels that take thousands of years to form.
• Biofuels, derived from plant matter, can be produced at the same rate as we consume them and are renewable.
• Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a type of biofuel.
• Biodiesel and ethanol are types of biofuels.
• Biogas and bioethanol are types of biofuels.
• Petrolezel, also known as diesel, is a type of biofuel.
• Biofuels can be categorized as renewable or non-renewable.
• The disadvantages of fossil fuels include being non-renewable, releasing large amounts of CO2, and being damaging to the environment.
• Petroleum diesel has a lower liquid point and solid point due to its non-polar molecular structure.
• Biodiesel and petroleum diesel differ in their molecular structure due to an ester bond.
• Biodiesel has a polar molecular structure with hydrogen bonds, dipole dipole bonds, and other intermolecular bonds.
• Biodiesel has a higher liquid point and solid point due to its polar molecular structure.
• Biofuels are renewable, relatively carbon neutral, burn more cleanly, and are easy to source materials.
• The disadvantages of biofuels include having lower energy content, being complicated and costly to produce, and requiring large amounts of water to grow crops.
• Petroleum diesel has a non-polar molecular structure with no intermolecular bonds.
• Fossil fuels have high energy content, are easy to release energy, and are relatively easy to obtain.
• Carbon neutrality is achieved when a plant absorbs carbon dioxide during growth and then releases a little bit of CO2 when the biofuel is produced.
• Renewable fuels can be replenished by natural processes in a relatively short period of time, while non-renewable fuels cannot be replenished in that period of time.
• Fuels can be categorized as puzzle viewers or biases.
• Puzzle viewers are fuels derived from living matter underground for millions of years, while biases are fuels derived from plant matter that can be produced at the same rate as we consume them.
• Ethanol is produced from the fermentation of glucose by yeast, resulting in ethanol and CO2.
• Ethanol is not as fuel efficient as normal fuel, which is why it is cheaper.
• Biodiesel is renewable and has a lower environmental impact than petrogenzel.
• Ethanol is used in E10 fuel, which is often advertised as being cheaper due to its lower energy content.
• Biodiesel is produced by using plant oils or animal fats in a transesterification reaction, resulting in glycerol and biodiesel.
• Biodiesel is produced from plant oils or animal fats in a transesterification reaction, resulting in glycerol and biodiesel.
• Biodiesel has a higher energy content than petrogenzel, but releases less energy because it contains less methane.
• Biodiesel is also known as a fatty acid methyl ester or a FAME.
• Biodiesel is often compared to petrogenzel, with the latter being the most common fuel.
• Biodiesel is more like honey, having stronger dipole-dipole interactions making it more viscous.
• Petrolezel is more like water, producing fewer particulates and other toxins.</flash
• Biodiesel is more like honey, clogging up fuel lines and potentially blocking things when cooled down.
• Pedro diesel is a non-polar molecule and produces lots of particulates and other toxins, making it dangerous.