Pmls

• Offer fast turnaround time and reduced cost.
• Provide routine and specialized analysis of the specimen.
• Hippocrates stated that disease was the result of excess substance-such as blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile-within the body.
• Application of a leech to a patient evidences bloodletting in Egypt in about 1400 B.C.
• Barber–surgeons flourished in the Middle Ages.
• The Guild of Barber–Surgeons was formed in 1210, with Long Robe and Surgeons of the Short Robe.
• Short Robe surgeons were forbidden by law to do any surgery except bloodletting, wound surgery, cupping, leeching, shaving, tooth extraction, and enema administration.
• Long Robe surgeon, barber–surgeons placed a striped pole, from which a bleeding bowl was suspended, outside their doors.
• Phlebotomy was considered a major therapeutic process in the 17th to 18th century.
• The lancet, a tool used for cutting the vein during venesection, was a common tool in phlebotomy.
• The amount of blood withdrawn was approximately 10 mL, but excessive phlebotomy was common.
• Cupping involved the application of a heated suction apparatus, called the “cup,” to the skin to draw the blood.
• Leeching involved the use of leeches, which were placed on the spot needing bloodletting with a drop of milk or blood on the patient’s skin.
• The components of the worm’s saliva, including a local vasodilator and a local anesthetic, were used in leeching.
• Arteriotomy was a potentially dangerous method, usually performed on the superficial temporal artery or one of its branches, where the artery was partially cut through a single incision.
• Scarification involved the use of scarificators, which contain from 1-20 blades and were similar in appearance to the lancet.
• Cupping devices were made of glass, a gourd, or an animal’s horn.
• Venipuncture and capillary puncture are the two procedures used in phlebotomy today.
• A phlebotomist is an individual who has been trained in the various techniques used to obtain blood for laboratory testing or blood donations.
• A competent clinical phlebotomist must have good manual dexterity, special communication skills, good organizational skills, and a thorough knowledge of laboratory specimen requirements and departmental policies.
• The duties and responsibilities of a phlebotomist include preparing the patient for collection procedures associated with laboratory samples, collecting routine skin puncture and venous specimens for testing as required, preparing specimens for transport to ensure stability of the sample, maintaining patient confidentiality, performing quality control checks while carrying out clerical, clinical, and technical duties, transporting specimens to the laboratory, and complying with all the procedures instituted in the procedure manual.
• Hematology tests include blood and blood-forming tissues: Hemoglobin, Hemocrit, Red Blood Cell Count, White Blood Cell Count, Platelet Count, Differential and WBC count, RBC Indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW), Coagulation, and Prothrombin time.
• Serology/Immunology tests include serum and autoimmune reactions to blood: Bacterial Studies, Antinuclear antibody, Antistreptolysin O, Cold Agglutinins, Fever Agglutination tests, FTA-ABS, Rapid Plasma Reagin, Rheumatoid factor, Viral Studies, Ant-HIV, Cytomegalovirus Antibody, Epstein-Barr Virus, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), General Studies, CRP, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, and Clinical Microscopy.
• Microbiology tests include microorganisms in body fluids and tissues: Acid Fast Bacilli, Blood Culture, Culture and Sensitivity, Fungus Culture and Identification, Gram staining, Ova and Parasites, and Blood Bank/Immunohematology.
• Healthcare has 3 levels of service: Primary healthcare, Secondary healthcare, and Tertiary healthcare.
• Clinical Chemistry tests include amounts of certain chemicals in the blood sample: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alphafetoprotein (AFP), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Ammonia, Amylase, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Bilirubin tests, Arterial Blood Gas (ABG), Blood Urea nitrogen (BUN), B-Natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-Reactive protein (CRP), Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), Blood Calcium, Cholesterol, Cortisol, Creatine Kinase, Creatinine, Drug Analysis, Electrolytes, Glucose, Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), Hemoglobin A1C, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD), Lipase, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA),
• Clinical labs offers test procedures to aid physicians in diagnosis of diseases.
• Immunohematology tests include transfusion and blood components: Antibody Screen, Direct Antihuman Globulin test, ABO and Rh Typing, Type and Crossmatching, Compatibility testing, and STAT and Reference Lab.
• Healthcare facilities are categorized as inpatient that requires the patient to stay at the hospital for at least a night and outpatient in which patients are served and dismissed the same day.
• Clinical Microscopy tests include test urine and other body fluid specimen: Color, Clarity, Specific Gravity, Other Body Fluid Analysis, and Chemical Evaluation.
• Clinical labs has two major divisions: Anatomical and surgical pathology, and Clinical Analysis area.
• Clinical Analysis area is divided in to seven different areas: Hematology, Clinical Chemistry, Serology/Immunology, Clinical Microscopy, Clinical Area, Clinical Area, and Clinical Area.
• Anatomical and surgical pathology is related to the tests such as histology, cytology and cytogenetics.
• Nonverbal skills involve 80% of language and are often one-dimensional.
• License in healthcare is an official document or permit granted by a state agency that gives legal permission for a person to work in a particular health profession.
• Collect urine drug testing specimen.
• Perform skin tests.
• Kinesic Slip occurs when the verbal and nonverbal messages do not match, causing people to trust what they see rather than what they hear.
• Perform appropriate laboratory computer operations.
• Continuing education is designed to update the knowledge or skills of participants and is generally geared to a learning activity or course of study for a specific group of health professionals, such as phlebotomists.