Body fluid

• The blood is the most important body fluid.
• Concept of man

  The first foundational component of nursing. Understanding man is important to provide individualized, holistic, and quality nursing care.
• Approaches to the study of man

  • Atomistic approach
  • Holistic approach
• Atomistic approach

  • Views man as an organism composed of different organ systems, each system is composed of organs and each organ is composed of tissue, cells.
• Holistic approach

  • Views a man as a whole system with interrelated and interdependent parts functioning to produce behavior unacceptable or acceptable to him or society.
• Man as a biological being

  A living organism who from birth is destined to die. He has to contend continually with the forces in his environment, be it friendly or hostile. The environment influenced man's behavior as an individual.
• The cell is the basic unit or building blocks of structure of all forms of plant and animal life. The human body composed of trillions of cells. Each of these cells carries out precise and specialized functions that interweave harmoniously with the activities and functions of other cells in the body.
• What the highly organized human body does

  • Maintaining boundaries
  • Movement
  • Responsiveness
  • Digestion
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Reproduction
  • Growth and development
• Closed system

  Self-sufficient, totally isolated from other systems. It does not allow outside stimuli in any from penetrating its boundaries. It does not allow anything from within it to go beyond its boundaries. Life sustaining elements cannot enter, uses its reserves for energy – eventually fails to function and disintegrates.
• Open system

  Exchanges matter, energy or information with the environment. It is directly affected by events or changes in other systems. A person is viewed as a living behavior system. The metabolic, the growth and the total processes of living are involved in the interchange of energy, matter or information among parts of the living organism, and between the living organism and its environment.
• The human body is a closed system in the sense that all of its constituent systems are closed within the human body, and it is an open system in the sense that the entire system includes both the human body and its interacting environment.
• Cognition

  Our conscious or preconscious thinking process—the mental activities of which we are aware or can be aware of probing. It involves taking in relevant information from the environment, synthesizing that information, and formulating a plan of action based on that synthesis.
• Beliefs

  Ideas that we hold to be true. Our assessment of any idea as true or false is based on the synthesis of information. Erroneous beliefs may result from misinterpretations of perceptions or from conclusions based on insufficient evidence (social dysfunction).
• Emotion

  A feeling state characterized by our appraisal of a stimulus, by changes in bodily sensations, and by display of expressive gestures.
• Coping

  Our efforts to master the demands of stress. It includes the thoughts, feelings, and actions that constitute these efforts. One method of coping is adaptation, which may involve adjustments in our biological responses, in our perceptions, or in our lifestyle.
• Defense mechanisms

  Unconscious, automatic responses that enable us to minimize perceived threats or keep them out of our awareness entirely.
• Characteristics of man

  • Creature of contradictions
  • Alike yet unalike
  • Shows limited and unlimited nature
  • Rational being yet irrational at times
  • Maturity with core of immaturity
• Man as a social being

  A being who lives and conducts activity in social relationship differently from natural being. Man lives in the society unlike the other living matters. Man's life and activity are possible only in the social collective that is organically linked on the basis of a certain social relations.
• Man is capable of relating with others. From birth, man is endowed to know, to like, to love, and to respond and appreciate the uniqueness of others.
• We have an innate, biologically-driven ability to develop and form interpersonal connections. These social bonds, formed early in life, also create the foundation for human beings to coexist in and across groups, and are a vital and essential part of the human experience. Early socialization during infancy and childhood plays a significant and critical role in guiding one's personal and emotional development.
• Our social interactions are often the basis for experiencing intense emotions, positive or negative.
• An individual's emotional and social development is therefore as important as their cognitive and biological development. Education systems must be able to address and contribute to this aspect of human experience.
• Man as a spiritual being

  The spirit of man gives him life to his human body. Without the spirit, man does not know the reason for his existence on this earth.
• Man's Spiritual Nature

  • Intellect
  • Will
• Man believes that his life is governed by a power greater than him. He pays obedience to this supreme power regularly or infrequently, the frequency dependent on man's whims, caprices or feelings of despair whenever hit by adversity.
• Spiritual Virtues

  • Faith
  • Hope
  • Charity
• 4 Major Attributes of Human Beings

  • Capacity to think / conceptualize
  • Family formation
  • Tendency to seek and maintain territory
  • Ability to use verbal symbols as language
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  A motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem and self-actualization.
• Nursing Concept of Man (Sister Callista Roy)

  Man is a biophysical and spiritual being who is in constant contact with the environment.
• Physiological-Physical Mode

  • Physical and chemical processes involved in the function and activities of living organisms. Basic needs associated with oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, activity and rest, and protection. Complex processes associated with the senses, fluid and electrolyte, neurologic function, and endocrine function.
• Self-Concept Group Identity Mode

  The goal of coping is to have a sense of unity, meaning the purposefulness in the universe, and a sense of identity integrity. This includes body image and self-ideals.
• Role Function Mode

  Focuses on the primary, secondary, and tertiary roles that a person occupies in society and knowing where they stand as a member of society.
• Interdependence Mode

  Focuses on attaining relational integrity through the giving and receiving of love, respect and value. This is achieved with effective communication and relations.
• Martha Rogers' Theory of Unitary Human Being

  A person is defined as an indivisible, pan-dimensional energy field identified by a pattern and manifesting characteristics specific to the whole. That can't be predicted from knowledge of the parts. A person is also a unified whole, having its own distinct characteristics that can't be viewed by looking at, describing, or summarizing the parts.
• Florence Nightingale's Concept of Man

  Man is an individual with vital reparative process to deal with disease and desirous of health but passive in terms of influencing the environment or nurse.
• Virginia Henderson's Concept of Man

  Man is a whole, complete and independent being who has 14 Fundamental needs.
• Dorothea Orem's Concept of Man

  Man is a unity who can be viewed as functioning biologically, symbolically, and socially and who initiates and perform self-care activities on own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being.
• Concept of Health

  Health is a fundamental right of every human being. It is a state of integration of the body and mind. It is a much sought after state; a highly desirable state for most people and yet at times, it remains elusive for some people.
• Health

  A "state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease and infirmity" (WHO, 1947). Health is the actualization of inherent and acquired human potential through goal-directed behavior, competent self-care, and satisfying relationships with others, while adjustments are made as needed to maintain structural integrity and harmony with the environment.
• Health and illness are highly individualized perceptions. Meanings and descriptions of health and illness vary among people in relation to geography and to culture.