chapter 5

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    • dominant trait
      a genetic trait that is considered dominant if it is expressed in a person who has only one copy of that gene
    • color blindness
      • a genetic (hereditary) condition (you are born with it)
      • Red/green and blue color blindness is usually passed down from your parents.
      • Carried on the X chromosome
      • More men are affected than women
    • female chromosomes


      female have two X chromosomes
    • Male Chromosomes

      Males have one X and one Y chromosome
    • Chromosomes
      strands of hereditary material
      • Each human nucleus has 23 pairs (except egg and sperm have 23 single, unpaired)Genes: sections along each chromosome that controls the chemical reactions that direct development
    • genetic principles
      • chromosomes
      • genes
    • Monozygotic Twins
      • SINGLE FERTILIZED EGG
      • IDENTICAL GENES
      • IDENTICAL TWINS
    • Dizygotic Twins
      • TWO EGGS
      • SHARE ONLY HALF THEIR GENES
      • FRATERNAL TWINS
    • Cross-Sectional
      compares groups of individuals with different ages at the same time
    • Longitudinal Design
      follows a single group of individuals as they develop
    • Sequential Design
      A researcher starts with people of different ages and studies them again at later times
    • The Fetus and the Newborn
      • Zygote-fertilized egg cell
      • Embryo- unborn child until the end of the seventh week following conception
      • Fetus- 8 weeks after conception
    • Infants’ Hearing
      • Habituation- decreased response to a repeated stimulus
      • Dishabituation-when a change in a stimulus increases a previously habituated response
    • Jean Piaget
      was a Swiss psychologist and genetic epistemologist. He is most famously known for his theory of cognitive development
    • New processes
      • schema- an organized way of interacting with objects
      • assimilation- applying an old schema to new objects or problems
      • accomodation- modifying an old schema to fit a new object or problem
      • equilibration- the establishment of harmony or balance between assimilation and accomodation
      • sensorimotor(0-2) - coordination of senses with motor response.
      • Preoperational(2-7) - symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar express full concepts.
      • Concrete Operational(7-11) - concepts attached to concrete situations. they begin to understand time, space, and quantity.
      • Formal Operations(11+) - Theorica, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking. abstract logic and reasoning. Strategy and planning become possible.
    • identity development
      adolecence is a time of:
      • finding yourself
      • determining ¨who am I?¨
      • determining ¨who will I be?¨
    • identity crisis
      anadolescent´s concern with decision about the future and the quest for self understanding
    • identity development
      • identity diffusion: no clear sense of identity.
      • identity moratorium: considering the issues but not yet making decisions.
      • identity foreclousure: reaching firm decisions without much thought.
      • identity achievement: the outcome of havinf explored various possible identities and then making one´s own decision.
    • gender roles
      also known as sex roles, the different activities that society expects of males and females
    • parenting styles
      • authoritative parents- set high standards, impose controls, Set limits but adjust when appropriate
      • Authoritarian Parents- Set firm controls, Emotionally distant from child, Set rules without explaining the reasons behind them.
      • Permissive Parent- Warm and loving, Undemanding, More like a friend than a parent
      • Indifferent or Uninvolved Parents- Spend little time with their children, Do the minimum of providing food and shelter
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