Paralec 1

• What is the infective stage of Ascaris lumbricoides?

  Embryonated egg
• What is the diagnostic stage of Ascaris lumbricoides?

  Fertilized and unfertilized eggs in stool
• How is Ascaris lumbricoides transmitted?

  Ingestion of embryonated egg from contaminated food or soil
• What syndrome can the larvae of Ascaris lumbricoides cause in the lungs?

  Loeffler's Syndrome (asthma-like pneumonitis)
• Which form of Ascaris lumbricoides egg can cause infection?

  Fertilized
• What is the diagnostic form of Trichuris trichiura?

  Unembryonated barrel-shaped eggs with bipolar plugs
• What is the infective form of Trichuris trichiura?

  Embryonated egg
• Where do adult whipworms reside in humans?

  Caecum and large intestine
• What severe complication can occur in heavy infections of Trichuris trichiura?

  Rectal prolapse
• What is the drug of choice for trichuriasis?

  Mebendazole or Albendazole
• What is the common diagnostic method for Enterobius vermicularis?

  Cellulose tape swab (perianal area)
• What symptom is most characteristic of Enterobius vermicularis infection?

  Nocturnal perianal itching (pruritus ani)
• What is the infective stage of Enterobius vermicularis?

  Embryonated egg
• What is the shape of the Enterobius vermicularis egg?

  D-shaped or lopsided
• Can reinfection occur from self-contamination with Enterobius vermicularis?

  Yes, through autoinfection
• How do hookworm larvae enter the human body?

  Skin penetration (usually feet)
• What is the infective stage of hookworms?

  Filariform larva
• What is the diagnostic stage for hookworms?

  Eggs in feces
• What type of anemia is caused by hookworms?

  Microcytic hypochromic anemia
• What is 'ground itch' associated with hookworms?

  Dermatitis at larval entry site
• What is the diagnostic stage of Strongyloides stercoralis?

  Rhabditiform larva in stool
• What is unique about the reproduction of Strongyloides stercoralis?

  Parthenogenetic female, can self-reproduce
• What is 'larva currens' in Strongyloides stercoralis?

  Rapidly migrating skin eruption from autoinfection
• What cycle allows Strongyloides stercoralis to persist in the host?

  Autoinfection cycle
• What is the drug of choice for Strongyloides stercoralis?

  Albendazole or Thiabendazole
• What food is commonly associated with trichinosis caused by Trichinella spiralis?

  Undercooked pork
• Where do larvae of Trichinella spiralis encyst in humans?

  Striated muscles
• Is Trichinella spiralis viviparous or oviparous?

  Viviparous (larviparous)
• What are the three phases of trichinosis?

  Intestinal invasion, larval migration, encystment
• What test confirms diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis via tissue?

  Muscle biopsy
• How is Capillaria philippinensis transmitted?

  Eating raw/undercooked freshwater fish
• What is the main diagnostic sample for Capillaria philippinensis?

  Stool (eggs, larvae, adult)
• What symptom is very characteristic of Capillaria philippinensis infection?

  Severe persistent diarrhea with weight loss
• What is the infective stage of Capillaria philippinensis?

  Larvae in fish
• What is a prevention tip for Capillaria philippinensis?

  Properly cook fish; avoid eating raw
• What condition is caused by Toxocara canis/cati in humans?

  Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)
• Are humans definitive hosts for Toxocara canis/cati?

  No, they are accidental (paratenic) hosts
• What is the triad of VLM diagnosis?

  Eosinophilia, hepatomegaly, hyperglobulinemia
• How do humans acquire infection from Toxocara canis/cati?

  Ingesting embryonated eggs from soil/pet feces
• What is the treatment of choice for severe cases of Toxocara infection?

  Thiabendazole