HBG 7 ( Carbohydrate Metabolism II )

• Carbohydrate metabolism is outlined by Assoc Prof Dr Ho Kok Lian from the Department of Pathology2.
• Glycolysis is a part of carbohydrate metabolism.
• The metabolic fate of pyruvate is a part of carbohydrate metabolism.
• Gluconeogenesis is a part of carbohydrate metabolism.
• The pentose phosphate pathway is a part of carbohydrate metabolism.
• Glycogen metabolism is a part of carbohydrate metabolism.
• Monosaccharides are metabolized as part of carbohydrate metabolism.
• Blood glucose is regulated as part of carbohydrate metabolism.
• The citric acid cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) are separate lectures in carbohydrate metabolism.
• Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, glucogenic amino acids, lactate, glycerol and propionic acid.
• The liver and kidney are the main sites of gluconeogenesis, contributing 80% and 20% respectively.
• Biomedical importance of gluconeogenesis includes maintaining blood glucose level during fasting and starvation, and is essential for nervous tissues and cells lacking mitochondria like RBCs.
• Gluconeogenesis clears the products of metabolism, and lactate and glycerol are formed from anaerobic glycolysis.
• Propionate is the major substrate for gluconeogenesis in ruminants.
• In Red Blood Cells (RBCs), glutathione is reduced which removes H2O2.
• The Cori cycle, also known as the Lactic acid Cycle, involves the conversion of Glucose into Lactate in the liver and RBC.
• NADPH causes pathological complications in Diabetes Mellitus such as retinopathy and nephropathy, which relates to cellular redox balance and oxidative stress.
• The availability of substrates, allosteric activation by Acetyl CoA, and coordinate regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis are factors that regulate Gluconeogenesis.
• In the liver, NADPH is used in the G6P pathway, converting 6 PG to NADPH + H+, and in the GS pathway, converting GS to SG, both leading to the production of glutathione and H2O2.
• Gluconeogenesis is the process of creating Glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as Pyruvate, Lactate, and Glycerol.
• In the liver, NADPH is supplied for microsomal cytochrome p450.
• The availability of substrates, allosteric activation
• In White Blood Cells (WBCs), NADPH is used in the G6P pathway, converting 6 PG to NADPH + H+, and in the GS pathway, converting GS to SG, both leading to the production of glutathione and H2O2.
• In White Blood Cells (WBCs), NADPH is generated for killing bacteria.
• In Red Blood Cells (RBCs), NADPH is used in the G6P pathway, converting 6 PG to NADPH + H+, and in the GS pathway, converting GS to SG, both leading to the production of glutathione and H2O2.
• In Red Blood Cells (RBCs), NADPH is used in the G6P pathway, converting 6 PG to NADPH + H+, and in the GS pathway, converting GS to SG, both