memory

• What is the term given to the structures and processes involved in storing and retrieving information?

  Memory
• Our short-term memory is a temporary memory store
• Short-term memory is also known as ‘working memory’ because it holds information while we are using it.
• Why is short-term memory referred to as ‘temporary’?

  Limited duration
• The capacity of memory refers to the amount of information that can be held at any time
• What is the duration of memory defined as?

  Length of time information is held
• Coding refers to the format in which information is stored in the various memory stores
• Match the coding types with their description:

  Semantic ↔️ Meaning-based

  Acoustic ↔️ Sound-based

  Visual ↔️ Image-based
• Jacobs found that the mean digit span was higher than the mean letter span, suggesting numbers are easier to remember than letters.
• The memory capacity is between 7-9 items
• What is the magical number proposed by Miller (1956) for the capacity of short-term memory?

  7 ± 2
• American phone numbers are 7 digits long because Miller’s research suggested this is the average capacity of short-term memory.
• Miller discovered that if information is chunked, the capacity of the STM can be increased
• What was a limitation of Miller’s research regarding chunk size?

  Unspecified chunk size
• Miller’s research did not consider factors like age that affect short-term memory capacity.
• Duration refers to the length of time information can be held in memory
• What method did Peterson and Peterson (1959) use to prevent rehearsal in their experiment on STM duration?

  Counting backwards
• At 3 seconds, Peterson and Peterson found that 80% of trigrams were recalled correctly, whereas at 18 seconds, only 10% were recalled correctly.
• Peterson and Peterson concluded that the duration of STM is approximately 18 seconds
• What was a weakness of Peterson and Peterson’s research sample?

  Psychology students
• Peterson and Peterson’s experiment had low ecological validity because it lacked mundane realism.
• Long-term memory is the final stage of the multi-store memory model proposed by Atkinson-Shiffrin
• What is the main constraint on recall in long-term memory?

  Accessibility
• The capacity of long-term memory is theoretically unlimited.
• Marigold Linton was able to recall events recorded in her diary with 70% accuracy
• How many participants were tested in Bahrick’s study on very long-term memory (VLTM)?

  Nearly 400
• Bahrick’s study on VLTM used photo recognition, name recognition, and free recall tests.
• Identifying names and faces within 15 years of graduation in Bahrick’s study was 90% accurate
• What was the accuracy of free recall after 48 years in Bahrick’s study?

  30%
• Match the types of long-term memory with their description:

  Episodic ↔️ Life events

  Semantic ↔️ Facts and knowledge

  Procedural ↔️ Skills and tasks
• Tulving proposed that existing models of memory were too simplistic because they did not account for the LTM.
• Tulving proposed three types of LTM: episodic, semantic, and procedural
• What does episodic memory refer to in the LTM?

  Life events
• Episodic memories are time-stamped
• What is experimental episodic memory associated with?

  Specific life episodes
• Flashbulb memories are detailed autobiographical episodic memories that are permanently stored in the LTM due to their emotional significance.
• Semantic memory is another type of declarative memory that stores information about the world
• What is an example of semantic memory recall?

  Music is heard with ears
• Semantic memories are less personal than episodic memories and are not time-stamped.
• Procedural memory describes our implicit knowledge of tasks