citizenship theme c

• what are the different types of punishment

  deterrence-putting people off committing crime

  rehabilitation-reforming the criminal so they stop offending

  retribution-getting revenge on the criminal

  restitution-putting things right for the victim, and society
• Argument for deterrence

  -fear of punishment discourages potential offenders
• Arguments against deterrence

  -prisoners numbers keep going up,which could suggests deterrence does not work and has little impact.In 2018 ,the Uk had a prison population of 80,000
• Arguments for rehabilitation

  -reforming offenders is increasingly encouraged to help them becoming law-abiding citizens

  -the rehabilitation chosen takes into account and address the circumstances of the offences
• Arguments against rehabilitation

  if many offenders reoffend it suggest that the impact of rehabilitation is limited
• Arguments for retribution

  -offenders deserve to be punished for breaking the rules of society

  -retribution is the only way they will learn their behaviour is unacceptable and allow the victims or their families to feel that justice has been done
• Arguments against retribution

  retribution can have the opposite effect by making offenders resentful and more likely to commit more crimes
• Arguments for restitution

  -It is only fair the offenders give something back,as they have taken something from society
• Arguments against for restitution

  -many people feel these are not real punishment and that offender has got away with their crime,so justice is not seen to be done.
• what is common law?

  laws made by judges in cases that have appeared before them.
• what are the main sources of law?

  -common law

  -legislation

  -laws of the European Union
• sources of law-legislation

  to 'make laws' is to legislate. Parliament is the most important sources of new legislation in the UK.
• sources of law-European Union

  The UK joined in 1973.

  All laws of the EU must become part of the laws of its members.EU law has primacy over a country's own laws,all laws passed in that country must be consistent with EU laws.

  UK parliament cannot pass a law that contradicts EU law-limit the sovereignty of parliament.
• what is criminal law?

  criminal law maintains order and protects society as a whole.The purpose of criminal law is to protect the public from harm.in cases where cases where crimes are committed against a person or property.
• Examples of crime against a person

  -manslaughter

  -rape

  -assault

  -robbery

  -murder
• Examples of crimes against a property

  -fraud

  -forcible entry

  -arson

  -vandalism
• what is civil law?

  civil law upholds the rights of individuals in disputes.The purpose of civil law is to settle disputes involving rights between groups or individuals.
• what are the main community sentences for young people?

  referral orders:young person agrees to a programme of work to address behaviour with a panel of people from the local community and youth justice workers

  reparation orders:young person make up for the harm caused

  Youth rehabilitation orders:the court decides what the offender must do for up to three years to help them rehabilitate and become law abiding citizens
• how does a detention and training orders work?

  can be given to offenders aged 12-17 and may last between four months and two years.The first year half is served in custody in a secure centre for young people and the rest in the community.
• what is restorative justice ?

  a community sentence.It aims to repair the harm done by offenders’ actions and restore balance.It may involve listening to their victim about the impact of their crime ,and apologising in a letter in a person.
• What is the crime and disorder act 1998?

  This is when the system was reformed to help young offenders under 18, often from troubled backgrounds , not to reoffend.It changed from retributive justice to rehabilitation and restorative justice.
• Factors that affect crime rates

  rise in unemployment

  poverty

  social and family breakdown and abuse

  misuse of drugs and alcohol
• What is the youth offending teams?

  YOTs are independent police and courts.They are part of the local council.

  Work with police, health and education teams , probation officers, charities ,and the community to rehabilitate offenders.

  Help safeguard welfare and prevent reoffending through dealing with the young persono problem

  may attend court with young person and supervise community service