Chapter 2

• Normative ethics - the study of ethical action. It focuses on a general theory that tells how people ought to act.
• 3 Types of normative ethical theories: Virtue, Deontological, and Consequentialist
• Virtue theory - obtains judgements of agents or persons as most essential. It is person-based-based that looks at the virtue or moral character of the person carrying out an action.
• Deontological theory - takes judgements of actions as most vital. It centers on the act being done. The character most essential in a deontological view is conscientiousness.
• Consequentialist theory - obtains judgements of the possible consequences of an action as more indispensable. It is an ethical theory that evaluates whether or not something is right by what its consequences are.
• Hedonism - is a philosophy of pleasure that says something is "good" if the consequence produces pleasure to avoid pain.
• Preconventional Morality - at this stage of the earliest stage of moral development , children see rules as fixed and absolute according to Lawrence Kholberg. A child's sense of morality is EXTERNALLY controlled.
• Stage 1: Simple Obedience Orientation
• Stage 2: Conformity to Group Behavior Orientation
• Stage 3: Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation
• Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
• Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
• Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principal Orientation
• Conventional Morality - Kholberg says that as a person mature morally, he goes into this stage of good interpersonal relationships and sense of maintaining social order.
• Post Conventional Morality - it is defined in terms of more abstract principles and values. Moralists of this level live by their individual ethical principles.
• Machiavellian Principles: B G T E T C P A D L C M B D L
• It was Jeremy Bentham who initiated Utilitarianism
• Utilitarianism - the most ethical choice is the action that will generate the greatest good for the good for the greatest number.
• 4 Utilitarianism elements: Consequentialism, Welfarism, Individualism, Aggregation
• Element of Utili: Welfarism - refers to understanding that the wrongness or rightness of operations based on how society's idea of welfare. Actions are good when they provide greatest benefit for the majority members of the society.
• Element of Utili: Individualism - As a person, wants to experience happiness, thus, will employ actions that take advantage of utility.
• Element of Utili: Aggregation -the results of an action must bring happiness both to individual and the community that surrounds him.
• Types of Utilitarianism: N A R P
• Immanuel Kant - a foremost deontologist introduced imperatives which are considered the basic principles to determine whether one's action is reasonably to be ethically correct.
• Kantian Ethics - it deals with standards of behavior which determine the morality of an action based on the reasons for doing it.
• John Rawls - is chiefly known for his theory of "justice as fairness"
• Justice - means giving each person what he deserves or giving each person his due.
• Aristotle - "equals should be treated equally, and unequally, unequally"
• Types of Justice: D R C
• Divine Command Ethics - things are ethically good or bad, obligatory, acceptable, or forbidden, only because of GOD'S WILL or command.
• God's character: G I M O H L
• Ethical Egoism - is the moral doctrine which considered that the search of one's SELF-INTEREST should always be an individual's main goal.
• 7 Egoist virtue: R I I H J P P