TOP 1

• Originated from the Latin “persona”, which referred to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas. These ancient Roman actors wore a mask (persona) to project a role or false appearance. This surface view of personality, of course, is not an acceptable definition


  Personality
• personality Originated from the__which referred to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas. These ancient Roman actors wore a mask (persona) to project a role or false appearance. This surface view of personality, of course, is not an acceptable definition.

  Latin “persona”
• These ancient Roman actors wore a mask __to project a role or false appearance. This surface view of personality, of course, is not an acceptable definition

  persona
• Originated from the Latin “persona”, which referred to a theatrical mask worn by__in__

  Roman actors;Greek dramas
• A pattern of relatively__and__s that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior.

  permanent traits and unique characteristics
• contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations. Traits may be unique, common to some group, or shared by the entire species, but their pattern is different for each individual


  Traits
• are unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence.

  Characteristics
• Individual differences in characteristic patterns of

  thinking, feeling, and behaving
• Personality includes differences between people in how they typically think

  Thinking
• : Personality includes differences between people in how they typically feel.

  Feeling
• Personality includes differences between people in how they typically behave.

  Behaving
• Do people tend to focus on the positive (optimists) or the negative (pessimists)?

  Thinking
• Do people tend to be happy or unhappy? Do they experience intense emotions or not? Do they get angry easily? Are they especially sensitive to rejection?

  Feeling
• Do they tend to talk a lot? Do they usually go along with what other people want or insist on doing things their way? Are they neat and tidy or sloppy and disorderly? Do they like to try new things, or do they always order the same thing when they go out to eat?

  Behaving
• does not refer to physical characteristics, abilities, or temporary states.

  Personality
• refers to differences between people in their psychological characteristics, not physical or biological differences (e.g., height or age).

  Personality
• __doesn’t include many skills or abilities.__is about what people are typically like, not what they are capable of at their best

  Personality
• __doesn’t include fleeting states like hunger, arousal, or mood. Just because a person happens to be happy at a given moment doesn’t mean it is part of his/her personality; that is why the__part of the definition is so important

  Personality;characteristic patterns
• __includes prominent consideration of diversity because the theories and the tests that arise out of diversity have been primarily based on the observations of a specific group __

  Personality;European American males
• In the 1970s and early 1980s, the field of psychology was engaged in a big debate, sparked by a book by __ over whether or not personality actually explains why people behave as they do.

  Walter Mischel
• researchers argued that differences between people can be measured and that these differences can help researchers predict and explain why they do the things they do. ○ Example: People higher on extraversion tend to talk more.

  personality
• researchers argued that the situation people are in will have such a strong influence on their behavior that their personality will not matter. ○ Example: Milgram’s famous experiment showed that an authority figure can influence people to give a stranger what they believe to be a painful electric shock just by creating the right situation (a professor in a white lab coat telling you that the experiment must continue, etc.). This supposedly showed that traits such as obedience and conformity can be manipulated by situational variables and are actually only temporary states.


  situation
• Is personality stable across situations?

  No
• Stability in personality is typically defined as __which means people’s ranking on a personality trait stays similar from one situation to the next.

  rank-order consistency
• Is personality stable over time?

  no
• Do people agree about a person’s personality?

  depends
• Does personality predict behavior?

  yes
• predicts talking, happiness, social status, and volunteerism.

  Extroversion
• predicts swearing less, being less likely to divorce, volunteerism, and less criminal behavior.

  Agreeableness
• predicts occupational success, college GPA, less drug use, and being less likely to divorce.

  Conscientiousness
• predicts less depression, being less likely to divorce and less likely to fight in romantic relationships.

  Emotional stability
• to experience predicts more traveling/studying abroad and being more likely to vote for liberal candi- dates/causes and choose artistic careers.

  Openness