ZOO 2700

• Cnidaria

  - contains hydras, jellyfish, anemones, and corals

  - anthozoa

  - hydrozoa

  scyphozoa
• Hexatinellida

  - a glass sponge with leuconoid architecture

  
• Cliona(boring sponges)

  - the sponge burrows into and lives inside the shell, rock, or coral and communicates with sea water via small papillae

  - bioerosion

  - special archeocytes.. the digging cells

  
• Spongilla

  - skeleton composed of spongin and siliceous spicules

  - asexually producing overwintering bodies known as gemmules

  - gemmules contain spongin and archeocytes

  
• Demospongiae

  - always leuconoid

  - multiple ocula

  - able for form large scaffolding of their spicules by gluing them together with spongin

  - spicules always present

  
• Sycon

  - syconoid sponge

  - choanocytes found in radial canals that open into spongocoel

  - flagellated chambers and incurrent canals(connect with outside via ostia)

  - water passes through ostia into incurrent canals then it moves to prospyles then into the choanocyte chamber then apopyles and in atrium and out osculum

  
• Leucosolenia

  - has asconoid structure

  - sac like with single osculum

  - entire inside of sac lined with choanoderm

  - along stolons are short oscular tubes

  - pinacoderm on outside and choanoderm on inside

  - ostia admit water to atrium

  
• Calcarea

  - have calcium carbonate spicules and collagen but no spongin

  - small and all three are present

  
• Porifera

  - sponges are filter feeders that eat bacteria sized particles

  - collection of independent cells


  - totipotent ability to redifferentiate and become other cells

  - atrium lined with choanoderm

  - spicules composed of calcium carbonate or cilica they provide structural support and deter predators

  - porocytes

  - simple asconoid plan, the syconoid then leuconoid

  - flagella of choanocytes beat, drawing water through porocytes into the spongocoel, then push it through the osculum

  
• Pleurobrachia

  The sea gooseberry

  - dragging tentacles and catching prey

  - statocyst near anal pore

  - body wall of thin outer epidermis and thin inner gastrodermis with gelatinous mesoglea inbetween

  - mouth is transverse slit at oral pole

  - tentacles trail through water where they fish for zooplankton

  - tentacles bear colloblasts which release mucus

  - when prey is captured tentacles retract bringing food to oral opening

  
• Ctenophora

  - cone jellies, sea gooseberries and sea walnuts

  - most basal metazoan group

  - no alternation of generations

  - no polyps

  - no cnidocytes

  - possess comb shaped plates or ctenes

  - oral aboral

  - diffraction of scattering light

  - cilia on ctenes beat synchronously and propel ctenophores through water

  - eight comb rows
• Radiolarians(actino)

  - microtubule not fibrillar

  - have only one chamber

  
• Actinopoda

  - pseudopodia include characteristic axopodia with a stiffness due to core of microtubules

  - silica test
• Foraminifera

  - composed of calcium carbonate

  - perforated tests

  - cliffs of dover

  - solid fibrillar material

  - cytoplasm flows along fibers in a bidirectional way

  
• Arcella(part of amoeboids)

  - secrets and inhabits a transparent brownish extracellular test

  - has an opening - the pylon

  - pseudopods are transparent colourless lobopodia

  - can turn itself back over

  
• Amoebozoa

  - cytoplasm divided into a thin layer of stiff ectoplasm and internal fluid granular endoplasm

  - pseudopods may be thick lobopodia or slender filopodia

  
• Amoeboid Protozoa

  - have pseudopods

  - amebas, foramniferans and actinopods
• Plasmodium (Malaria)

  - hides in liver cells

  - parasite numbers increase in mosquito and human host from sporogony

  - gametogeny produces gametes in the vertebrate host

  - gametes dont come together and form a zygote until in the mosquito(sexual phase)

  - destroys vertebrate erythrocytes

  
• Apicomplexa

  - has an apical complex attaches parasite to host cell

  - animal parasites

  - complex life cycles

  - plasmodium(malaria)
• Vorticella

  - sessile organism that lives life attached to substrate

  - have well developed buccal ciliature

  - macronucleus bent into a c

  - its core is the spasmoneme in the stalk

  - spasmin fibers retract stalk and cell body

  
• Paramecium

  - organism can change its direction

  - cytostome is at posterior end

  - macronucleus and several micronuclei

  - pellicle contains trichocysts

  - cilia in oral groove move food particles to food vacuoles

  
• Ciliophora

  - paramecium

  - euplotes

  - didinium

  - vorticella

  - have larger vegetative nucleus and smaller generative nucleus

  - have well defined cytostome

  - somatic and specialized oral ciliature

  - cilia can form membranelles or even cirri

  - complex pellicle contains trichocysts which can be discharged for defense or to help with prey capture
• Dinoflagellata (Ceratium)

  - 2 flagella

  - produce toxins (algal blooms)

  - thick cellulose plates in pellicle

  - three spined shell like theca

  - transverse and trailing fagellum

  
• Alveolata

  - Dinoflagellates

  - Ciliophora

  - Apicomplexa

  - alveoli in the pellicle
• Trypanosomes

  - one flagellum and an undulating membrane

  - human sleeping sickness (gambienese)

  - Chagas disease (cruzi)

  - live in the blood plasma of their vertebrate host

  - comma shaped

  - flagella arises from anterior end and is directed posteriorly

  - undulating membrane

  
• Kinetoplastida

  - Trypanosomes


  - heterotrophic and parasitic

  - kinetoplast(large clump of DNA at end of mitochondrion)
• Volvox

  - division of labour amongst cells in a colony

  - somatic cells

  - reproductive cells located in posterior half

  - aexual reproduction forms a plakea(a hollow ball of cells, flagellated ends internal)

  - sexual reproduction forms a zoospore

  
• Haematococcus

  - small and round

  - pyrenoid bodies

  
• Chlorophyta

  examples are Haematococcus and Volvox

  - male and female gametes in same colony
• Euglena

  -photosynthetic

  - have 2 flagella

  - spindle shaped cells

  - covered in flexible pellicle

  - primary and accessory flagellum

  - euglenoid motion

  - contractile vacuoles for osmoregulation

  
• Plasmodium: malaria
• Trypanosoma: human sleeping sickness
• Opisthorchis sinensis (Digenean): Chinese liver fluke