Properties of Solids and Liquids

• Types of Solids: Crystalline and Amorphous
• Crystalline Solids - are solids with an orderly arrangement of particlesand have a definite melting points
• Amorphous Solids - are solids without an orderly arrangement ofparticles and no definite melting points
• Ionic - formed from the attraction between positive and negative ions
• Ions - brittle and hard
• Ions - high melting points
• Covalent - formed from the attraction between one or more pairs of electron shared
• Covalent - very hard
• Covalent - very high melting points
• Molecular - possess molecular forces
• Molecular - soft
• Molecular - low to moderate melting points
• Metallic - formed from the attraction between metal ions and surrounding mobile electrons
• Metallic - lustrous
• Metallic - soft to hard
• Metallic - with high melting point
• Ions - Sodium Chloride
• Covalent - Diamond
• Molecular - Carbon Dioxide
• Metallic - Copper
• Freezing Point - the temperature at which liquid becomes solid
• Melting Point - the temperature at which a solid is change into a liquid
• Sublimation - direct conversion of a solid into a vapor without passing through the liquid state
• Directly proportional - the relationship of the force of attraction to the melting and freezing point of solid
• Adhesion - attraction between like and unlike
• Cohesion - attraction between like and like
• Viscosity - measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow
• Directly proportional - relationship of viscosity to intermolecular force
• Inversely proportional - relationship of viscosity and flow of liquid
• Surface Tension - The stretching of the liquid surface due to the net downward motion force allows it to resist an external force.
• Directly proportional - the relationship of the surface tension to the intermolecular force
• Capillary Action - The tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or be drawn into small openings as a result of intermolecular attraction between the liquid and solid materials.
• Vapor Pressure - the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid or solid state.
• Vapor Pressure - the force generated by the evaporating molecules of a liquid at a given temperature
• The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the liquid converts into a gas.
• When the vapor pressure of a liquid equals atmospheric pressure, the liquid reaches its boiling point and starts to boil
• Molar Heat of Vaporization - It is the change in enthalpy when onemole of a substance undergoes a phase change from liquid to gas
• Enthalpy - heat content at a given standard condition