eng 2

• Coherence means a text must be composed of sentences with connected ideas presented in a logical arrangement
• Genre classifies texts based on external criteria such as activities which regularly occur in society
• Examples of Genre: Business letter, News, Film Critique, Product Brochure
• Text Type classifies texts based on similarities in linguistic forms and patterns
• Examples of Text Type: Expository or Procedure for a Business Letter, a Recount for News, a review for a Film Critique, descriptive or comparison-contrast for a Product Brochure
• Reading process
• Pre-reading Stage aims to motivate the readers to read and activate their schema or background knowledge
• While-reading Stage: reread the text until you fully understand its meaning
• Post-reading Stage: check your understanding of the text
• Basic reading skills
• Rapid Reading aims to locate specific information or main ideas in a very short span of time
• Skimming is a type of quick reading which aims to get the main idea and overview of the material
• Locating the main idea is a reading skill which involves identifying the central message of a reading selection
• Scanning is a quick reading strategy which aims to get specific information from a given text
• Previewing is a skill wherein a reader looks over a material and focuses on the information he/she finds relevant
• Involves clarifying the purpose, reading the title and headings, and checking the illustration and other visuals
• Literal reading involves the understanding of ideas and facts that are directly stated in the material
• Summarizing is a technique that involves condensing a lengthy text into a shorter passage which is usually 15 to 30 percent of the source material while retaining its essence
• Paraphrasing involves restating ideas from the original text
• Inferential reading refers to the process of deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text
• Also known as “reading between the lines”
• Critical thinking involves complex thought processes to make reasoned judgments, assess thinking process, and solve problems effectively
• Non-critical thinking includes accepting things without examining them, constructing thoughts based on emotions, and jumping to conclusions without proof or evidence
• Levels of thinking are classified by Bloom's Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain, which was published in 1956
• Revised Bloom's Taxonomy was revisited in the 1990s, changing subcategories from nouns to verbs and exchanging the top two subcategories
• Exploring the first three levels of thinking:

  • Remembering: retrieval, recognition, and recall of information
  • Understanding: construction of meaning from verbal and nonverbal messages
  • Applying: refers to the use and implementation of knowledge in various situations
• Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) include:

  • Analyzing: focuses on breaking down ideas into parts and relating these parts to one another
  • Evaluating: making judgments on the value and validity of ideas and events
  • Creating: involves combining parts to form a well-designed whole
• Qualities of a critical thinker:

  • Inquisitive
  • Does not settle for a superficial level of interpretation
  • Open-minded to different ideas
  • Examines and evaluates information
  • Does not accept information until verified
  • Actions are guided by the application of different levels of thinking
• Importance of critical thinking:

  • In reading, it helps recognize different texts and react to them intelligently
  • In writing, it provides skills to create well-written texts and distinguish good and bad sources
• The reading process includes pre-reading, while-reading, and post-reading stages
• Basic reading skills:

  • Rapid Reading: skimming, scanning, and locating the main idea
  • Previewing: looking over material and focusing on relevant information
  • Literal Reading: understanding ideas and facts directly stated in the material
  • Inferential Reading: inferring facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text
  • Critical Reading: thorough evaluation in terms of relevance, validity, and logic
• Types of reading according to purpose:

  • Developmental Reading
  • Pleasure Reading
  • Functional Reading
  • Remedial Reading
• Writing


  A medium of human communication that involves the representation of a language with written symbols
• Paragraph


  • A group of interrelated sentences organized around a topic sentence
  • Contains an introductory sentence
  • Uses sentences to explain major points
  • May use a concluding sentence
• Essay


  • A group of paragraphs organized around a thesis
  • Contains an introductory paragraph
  • Uses paragraphs to explain major points
  • Always uses a concluding paragraph
• Parts of a Paragraph

  • Topic Sentence
  • Supporting Sentences
  • Cohesive Devices
  • Closing Sentence
• Parts of an Essay

  • Introduction (Lead/Attention-getter, Transitional Statement, Thesis Statement)
  • Body (Major Point 1, Major Point 2, Major Point 3, Minor Details)
  • Conclusion (Reiteration of Thesis, Transitional Statement, Closing Statement)
• Lead/Attention-getter


  • Provocative rhetorical question, statistics, a startling statement, an anecdote, a quotation, humor, or analogy
• Thesis Statement


  States the central idea or argument of the essay
• Unity


  • Achieved when a composition contains one focused idea and all the supporting ideas are relevant to the main thought