Types of effects

• Flynn effect - refers to the observed phenomenon where there has been a consistent increase in average intelligence test scores over time, across different populations and cultures.

  • James R. Flynn, a political scientist, in the 1980s
• Pygmalion Effect - high expectations lead to improved performance in a given area and low expectations lead to worse.
• Hawthorne effect -  when a participant's behavior changes as a result of being observed
• Golem effect - lower expectations lead to poorer performance by the individual.
• spotlight effect - a tendency for individuals to overestimate the extent to which their actions, appearance, or behavior are noticed and remembered by others.
• primacy effect - refers to an individual's tendency to better remember the first piece of information they encounter than the information they receive later on.
• Coaction effect - The effect on an individual's task performance of the presence of other individuals engaged in the same activity.
• Galatea Effect (is one of self-efficacy): the belief and trust in oneself and one's abilities and potential to succeed. (Internal Belief)