Introduction to Management, Administration, and Leadership

• Management involves maximizing productivity by using and developing people’s talent, providing self-enrichment and opportunities for growth, and allocating resources to accomplish tasks and objectives
• Management is the act or skill of directing and organizing the work of a company
• In the 20th Century, Peter F. Drucker became known as the father of Modern Management
• Administration involves facilitating the act of organizing people and resources to achieve desired goals and purposes
• Administration encompasses all activities involved in managing and organizing the affairs of a company
• Leadership involves providing facilitation or guidance in organizing people and resources to achieve desired goals and purposes, as well as the ability to influence others
• Managers are individuals formally appointed to positions of authority in organizations
• Technical skills refer to the ability to apply methods, processes, and techniques of managing
• Conceptual skills involve the mental ability to see how various factors fit together and interact
• Human relations skills include cooperating, understanding, motivating, and leading workers
• Organization refers to an administrative and functional structure, personnel within that structure, and an organized body of people with a particular purpose
• The process of organization involves determining and classifying a firm’s activities, grouping activities into workable departments, assigning authority and responsibility, developing relationships, and framing policies for coordination
• Management consists of interrelated social and technical functions and activities to accomplish organizational objectives using people and resources in a formal setting
• The main elements of management include interrelated social and technical functions, achieving objectives using people and resources, and performing processes in a formal organizational setting
• Benefits of planning include improving focus, flexibility, action orientation, coordination, time management, and control
• Organizing is the process of identifying and grouping work to be performed and delegating responsibility, authority, and establishing relationships to enable effective work towards objectives
• Key concepts in organizing include authorization, impact, responsibility, power, and accountability
• The process of organizing involves:

  • identifying and discussing work - avoids redundancy
  • departmentalization - work classification
  • assignment of task - according to skills, competencies , and qualifications
  • establishing organizational hierarchy - awareness on whom to report
  • provision of resources to members - arrangement of resourceses
  • coordinating of efforts and scheduling of activities - logical and systematic matter
• Types of Organization Structure

  Line Organization - oldest and simplest form or organization

  • Advantage - clearly defines reporting relationships
  • Disadvantage - first-level managers or employees may feel they do not have any power in improving the organization
• Types of Organization Structure

  Functional Organization - organizations are divided into specialized groups with specific roles and duties

  • Advantage - employees grouped by skill
  • Disadvantage - management issues
• Types of Organization Structure

  Line-and-Staff - modified line organization

  • General Staff - ordinary employees that assists the senior managers
  • Specialized Staff - experts that offer services to the organization
• Types of Organization Structure

  Divisional Organization - organization that groups units within the organization around the geographic location, product, and customer types; self contained structures
• Types of Organization Structure

  Virtual Organization - recent development that involves personnel across different location; can also be called as: Digital Organization, Network Organization, Modular Organization
• Management Functions

  Planning - the first step in managing and involves environmental scanning

  Organizing - develops intentional patterns of relationships among staff and other resources

  Staffing - acquiring, maintaining, retaining human capital

  Directing - managers initiating actions

  Controlling - managers control by comparing actual and desired results
• 3 Types of Managers

  • Senior Manager (ex. Leader of organizations)
  • Middle Manager (ex. Deans of colleges)
  • First-Level Manager (ex. Small business managers)
• Steps of Strategic Planning

  1. Organizing and Selecting a Strategic Planning Team, Including Stakeholders

  Stakeholders - affects by the organization's operation; two types

  • Internal - direct relationship with the business (example: investors, trade unions, creditors)
  • External - persons/organizations affected in the business' operations (example: community, customers)
  • Government can be both a Internal and External stakeholder
• Steps of Strategic Planning

  2. Identifying the Organization's Strategic Direction

  •  Mission - defines why an organization exists and its purpose
  • Vision - captures an organization's aspiration organization’s aspiration
  • Core Values - what values should guide the operations of our company?
• Steps of Strategic Planning

  3. Conducting a Strategic Analysis

  • SWOT Analysis - Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
• Steps of Strategic Planning

  4. Defining Major Goals - SMART

  • Specific - the goal is concrete and tangible - everyone knows what it looks like
  • Measurable - the goal has an objective measure of success that everyone can understand
  • Attainable - the goal is challenging, but should be achievable with the resources available
  • Relevant - the goal meaningfully contributes to larger objectives like the overall mission
  • Timely - the goal has a deadline or, better yet, a timeline of progress milestones
• Steps of Strategic Planning

  5. Developing an Action Plan - 5Ps of Marketing

  • Promotion, Products, People, Price, Place
• Steps of Strategic Planning


  6. Developing a monitoring and evaluation system, which includes identifying metrics for success

  • Monitoring - objective, process, analysis, measuring, evaluation, review
• Steps of Strategic Planning

  7. Communicating the plan to others
• 19th century - the concept of management begun