genetic techology

• DNA sequencing begins with the process of mapping to identify the locus of a particular gene within the genome
• The gene is fragmented with the use of restriction enzymes and the fragments produced are inserted into bacterial artificial chromosomes, resulting in the formation of a genomic DNA library
• Fragments obtained from bacterial cultures are broken down into smaller fragments with restriction enzymes and sequenced using the chain-termination technique developed by Sanger
• In DNA sequencing, the DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions containing all four standard nucleotides, DNA polymerase, primers, and modified fluorescently labelled nucleotides for ease of identification
• High resolution electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments by size in DNA sequencing, allowing the base sequence to be read from the bottom of the gel upwards
• Gene sequencing allows for genome-wide comparisons between individuals and species, aiding in determining evolutionary relationships and medical research
• Gene sequencing has allowed for the prediction of amino acid sequences in polypeptides and the development of synthetic biology
• DNA profiling is a forensic technique used to identify individuals by characteristics of their DNA and determine genetic relationships between organisms
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used in DNA profiling to amplify DNA by making millions of copies of a given DNA sample
• Gel electrophoresis is used in DNA profiling to separate DNA fragments and proteins according to their size using an electric current
• Genetic engineering is the process of deliberately manipulating genetic material to modify an organism's specific characteristics
• In genetic engineering, genes can be obtained by extraction from the donor's DNA, synthesis from the donor organism's mRNA, or chemical synthesis from nucleotides
• Isolated DNA fragments can be placed in plasmids by cutting them with restriction endonucleases, incubating them with plasmids, and sealing them with DNA ligase to create recombinant DNA
• Electroporation is used in the formation of transgenic microorganisms to stimulate bacterial cells to take up plasmids by increasing the permeability of bacterial membranes
• Recombinant DNA can be used to produce human proteins such as insulin, Factor VII for haemophilia treatment, and Adenosine deaminase (ADA) for treating severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
• Gene editing is the deletion, insertion, or replacement of DNA at specific sites of the genome of a living organism
• Bioinformatics is the science of collecting and analyzing biological data using computer software, useful for building databases of gene sequences and complete genomes
• Bioinformatics is the science of collecting and analyzing biological data using computer software
• Bioinformatics can be used to build a database of gene sequences and complete genomes, determine relatedness of organisms, and identify human gene counterparts in other organisms
• Studying the genome of parasites like Plasmodium can lead to the development of new means of controlling them
• Genetic technology enables screening for genetic conditions like breast cancer caused by faulty alleles of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
• In genetic screening, preimplantation genetic diagnosis and prenatal testing methods like chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis are used
• Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene coding for the CTFR protein, leading to thick mucus affecting gas exchange, reproduction, and digestion
• Respiratory system issues in cystic fibrosis include increased risk of lung infections and reduced surface area for gas exchange due to mucus build-up
• Reproductive system problems in cystic fibrosis involve cervical mucus hindering sperm reaching the egg and blocked sperm ducts in men
• Digestive system complications in cystic fibrosis include blocked pancreatic ducts, reduced nutrient absorption, and cyst formation in the pancreas leading to diabetes
• Gene therapy involves inserting a normal allele into target cells to replace a faulty allele, treating diseases like cystic fibrosis and severe combined immunodeficiency
• Gene therapy can be somatic (introduced to target cells only) or germ line (introduced to embryonic cells, passed down to offspring)
• Ethical and social implications of gene therapy include concerns about violating human rights, unknown impacts on germ cells, and potential side effects
• Various vectors like viruses and liposomes are used in gene therapy
• Genetically modified organisms in agriculture can increase crop yield through herbicide and insect resistance, but may lead to herbicide-resistant weeds through pollen transfer
• Insect-resistant crops like Bt maize produce their own insecticide, increasing yield by resisting pests like corn borers
• Golden rice and Pantoea ananatis are examples of genetically engineered crops used to address food demand and nutrient deficiencies
• Ethical and social implications of using GMOs in food production include concerns about toxicity, allergies, ecosystem damage, and lack of long-term research