PMLS LEC

• Venesection involved piercing a vein with a lancet to drain blood, removing unwanted diseases and reducing fever
• Leeches have anticoagulant and vasodilation properties and are used in therapeutic phlebotomy
• Phlebotomy areas

  • Centralized Phlebotomy
  • Decentralized Phlebotomy
  • Hybrid Phlebotomy
• In the 12th Century, barbers frequently performed bloodletting procedures
• Barber Pole colors

  • Red - blood
  • White - bandages used to stem bleeding
  • Blue (America) - veins cut during bloodletting
• For thousands of years, medical practitioners believed sickness was due to "bad blood" and would cut open a vein to restore bodily harmony
• Ancillary Hospital Areas

  • Administration
  • Electrocardiography (EKG)
  • Electroencephalography (EEG)
  • Environmental services
  • Food services (Dietary)
• Phlebotomists' primary role is to collect blood for accurate and reliable test results with least discomfort to the patient
• Occupational therapy

  Provide therapy to help maintain living skills
• Electrocardiography (EKG)

  Monitors patients with cardiovascular diseases
• Medical records

  Maintains patient records (confidentiality)
• Environmental services

  Maintains a clean facility (janitors, etc)
• Areas of Nursing Care

  • Coronary Heart Unit (CCU)
  • Emergency Department
  • Geriatric
  • Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
  • Home Health Care
  • Neonatal
  • Nephrology
  • Obstetrics / Gynecology
  • Oncology
  • Orthopedic
  • Pediatrics
  • Recovery
• Laboratory Sections

  • Administrative Office
  • Phlebotomy
  • Urinalysis
  • Hematology
  • Coagulation
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Microbiology
• Electroencephalography (EEG)

  Diagnosis of neurophysiological disorders
• Admin

  Keeps the hospital in compliance
• Laboratory

  Provides testing of patient samples
• Nursing

  Provides direct patient care
• Radiology

  Uses imaging for diagnosis and treatment
• Speech therapy

  Provides therapy to restore speech
• Pharmacy

  Dispenses drugs and advises on drug usage
• Other Health Care Team

  • Anesthesiology
  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • General Medicine (Family Practice)
  • Internal Medicine
  • Neurology
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Pathology
  • Psychiatry
  • Surgery
  • Urology
• Phases of Sample Processing

  1. Pre-examination: Request form, Patient identification and information, Correct sample collection, Correct use of all equipment, Sample preparation and centrifugation, Maintaining sample integrity until processing

  2. Examination: Sample testing, Maintaining testing equipment and reagents

  3. Post-examination: Reporting of results, Ensuring accuracy and reliability of delivery of result, Follow-up if repeat testing is needed or attend to other needs of the physician, Storage of sample after processing
• Cytogenetics

  • Chromosome analysis
  • Prenatal chromosome screening
• Clinical Chemistry

  Performs biochemical analysis of blood and body fluids
• Laboratory Staff

  • Pathologist
  • Medical Laboratory Scientist
  • Medical Laboratory Technician
  • Phlebotomy Technician
  • Histotechnologist
• Histopathology

  • Examines tissues and cell smears for evidence of cancer, infection or other abnormalities
• Microbiology

  • Cultures samples to determine if pathogenic organisms are present in a sample
  • Determines organism’s antibiotic susceptibility
• Molecular Diagnosis

  • MRSA infections
  • HIV testing
• Other Laboratory Specialties

  • Cytology
  • Toxicology
• Other Laboratory Staff

  • Medical Office Staff
  • Medical Transcriptionists
  • Medical Laboratory Assistants
  • Histologists
  • Cytologists
  • Pathologists’ Assistant
• DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (HHS)

  Oversees the operations of the CMS
• Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)

  • Main regulatory body for all laboratories
  • Established qualifications for phlebotomists
• AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF BLOOD BANKS (AABB)

  Accredits blood banks and develops standards for blood donor, blood product, and blood recipient safety
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

  • Implements public health regulations and reporting requirements
  • Categorize newly developed laboratory tests as waived, moderately complex, or high complex
• OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA)

  Regulates concerns over worker safety for the clinical laboratory
• 1988 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA '88)

  Ensure that all laboratories receiving federal funds meet the same standards and be certified by the federal government
• FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA)

  • Approves medical and diagnostic equipment, pharmaceuticals, reagents, and diagnostic tests before these can be marketed
  • Regulates content-labeling requirements
• COMMISSION ON OFFICE LABORATORY ACCREDITATION (COLA)

  Accredits physician office laboratories
• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)

  • Ensures that healthcare providers follow regulations
  • Defines medical waste and establishes acceptable practices for treatment and disposal of this waste