atoms

• The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus.
• Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge.
• The mass number of an atom is equal to the sum of its protons and neutrons.
• Atoms are the smallest particles that can exist independently.
• Atoms are made up of three subatomic particles - electrons, neutrons, and protons
• Atoms are neutral because they contain an equal number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons.
• Isotopes are different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons.
• Neutrons do not carry any electrical charge (0).
• Ions are electrically charged particles formed when one or more electrons are lost or gained by an atom.
• Isotopes are different forms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
• Protons have a positive charge, while electrons have a negative charge.
• A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves sharing electron pairs between atoms.
• An ion is an electrically charged particle formed by gaining or losing one or more electrons from an atom or molecule.
• A cation has fewer electrons than protons, resulting in a net positive charge.
• An ionic bond occurs between two oppositely charged ions.
• Anions are negatively charged ions formed when an atom gains one or more electrons.
• The atomic mass is calculated as the sum of the masses of all the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• An ion is an electrically charged particle formed when one or more electrons are added to or removed from an atom.
• Electrons carry a negative electrical charge (-1)
• Each electron shell has a specific energy level associated with it.
• The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
• The nucleus contains both protons and neutrons.
• An ionic bond occurs when two oppositely charged ions attract each other to form a compound.
• Atoms can gain or lose electrons to form ions.
• Atoms can gain or lose electrons to become positively or negatively charged ions.
• The atomic mass unit (amu) is used to measure the relative masses of nuclei.
• Atoms can gain or lose electrons to form ions.
• The periodic table organizes elements based on their atomic structure and properties.
• An anion has more electrons than protons, resulting in a net negative charge.
• Metals tend to lose electrons easily due to their high electropositivity.
• Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to form negatively charged ions (anions).
• Metals tend to lose electrons to form positively charged ions (cations).
• Isotopes - Atoms with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons
• Ions can be classified into three categories based on their charges: monatomic (single-atom) ions, polyatomic (multi-atom) ions, and complex ions.
• Atomic number (Z) - The total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
• The periodic table organizes elements based on atomic number (number of protons) and atomic mass (sum of proton and neutron masses).
• Nonmetals tend to gain electrons easily due to their low electropositivity.
• Ions have different charges depending on how many electrons they gained or lost.
• Polyatomic ions consist of multiple nonmetal atoms that share electrons and form a single unit with a specific charge.
• Atoms can gain, lose, or share electrons to form molecules.