HBG 19&20

• Genetic components


  • Structure of DNA and chromosome
  • Function of gene
• Dr. Chau De Ming: 'Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science'
• APOE4 variant is a major risk factor
• Ways genetics contributed to the management of COVID19
• Biochemistry


  The study of chemical reactions in the cell (i.e., breaking down or building up something)
• Genetics


  The study of genes and hereditary; the blueprint of life
• ENGINE


  INFORMATION
• Inheritance


  Mode of inheritance
• Environment


  • Genetics
  • Genes
  • Variations
  • Functions
  • Causes and effects
  • Diseases and management
• Circle of Life: 'It's the circle of life<|>And it moves us all<|>Through despair and hope<|>Through faith and love<|>Til we find our place<|>On the path unwinding<|>In the circle<|>The circle of life<|>Circle of Life'
• Human cells contain 24 distinct kinds of chromosomes carrying approximately 3.3 x 10^9 base pairs and roughly 20,000–30,000 genes
• The amount of information that can be encoded in the human genome is equivalent to 6 million pages of text containing 250 words per page, with each letter corresponding to one base pair, or pair of nucleotides
• Proteins are large polymers composed of hundreds to thousands of amino acid subunits strung together in long chains
• DNA is the repository of the genetic code and genes are DNA regions that encode proteins
• Living organisms have characteristics such as reproduction, elaborate structure, movement, selective adaptation to the environment, and the ability to use sources of energy and matter to grow
• Characteristic of living organisms is the ability to use sources of energy and matter to grow—that is, the ability to convert foreign material into
• Proteins


  • Large polymers composed of hundreds to thousands of amino acid subunits strung together in long chains; each chain folds into a specific three-dimensional conformation dictated by the sequence of its amino acids
• DNA is a macromolecular chain composed of four nucleic acids and is the repository of the genetic code
• Genes are DNA regions that encode proteins
• Most properties of living organisms ultimately arise from proteins
• Proteins determine how complex systems of cells, tissues, and organisms function
• Proteins are the molecules that determine how complex systems of cells, tissues, and organisms function
• Living organisms are governed by the laws of physics and chemistry as well as a genetic program
• Living organisms have the ability to reproduce themselves
• Living organisms have an elaborate and complicated structure that changes over time
• Living organisms have the ability to move
• Animals swim, fly, walk, or run, while plants grow toward or away from light
• Living organisms have the capacity to adapt
• Characteristics of life


  • Complicated structure that changes over time
  • Ability to move
  • Capacity to adapt selectively to the environment
  • Ability to use sources of energy and matter to grow
• Metabolism


  Chemical and physical reactions that carry out the conversion of foreign material into the organism's own body parts
• Conversion of biological information

  From a one-dimensional to a three-dimensional and finally a four-dimensional state
• There are 20 different amino acids
• The information in the DNA of genes dictates, via a genetic code, the order of amino acids in a protein molecule
• Biological systems function both within individual cells and among groups of cells within an organism
• DNA


  • Composed of nucleotides
  • Composed of two antiparallel strands
  • Held together by hydrogen bonds
  • Base-pairs are A:T and G:C
  • Size of a gene is determined by the number of base pairs
• Chemical structure of DNA bases

  A associates tightly with T, and C associates tightly with G through hydrogen bonding
• The two DNA strands are complementary to each other
• An automated DNA sequencer can sequence about 1,000,000 base pairs a day
• Newer technologies can sequence DNA 100 to 1000 times faster
• Most of the information in the DNA molecule is one-dimensional and digital