the plant anatomy and physiology

• the epidermis has several functions such as protection against water loss, preventing entry of pathogens into the leaf, and providing support to other tissues by secreting substances that bind them together
• Epidermal cells are usually dead at maturity, but they may be living in some plants
• The epidermis is made up of one or more layers of cells.
• The cuticle is a waxy layer on the surface of leaves which helps prevent excessive water loss from the leaf.
• The cuticle is a waxy layer on the surface of the epidermis which helps prevent excessive transpiration.
• Guard cells form stomata which are openings on the surface of the leaf through which gases can enter and exit the leaf.
• Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata. When they become turgid, the guard cell walls bulge outwards causing the stoma to close. If the guard cells lose their turgor pressure, the stoma opens again.
• Stomata are small openings found only on the lower side of leaves. They allow gases (carbon dioxide) to enter the leaf and oxygen to exit it during photosynthesis. Stomata also permit water vapor to escape from the leaf through transpiration.
• In leaves, there are two types of epidermal cells: guard cells and ordinary epidermal cells (pavement cells).
• Stomata are small openings found on the underside of leaves. They allow gases (carbon dioxide) to enter the leaf during photosynthesis and oxygen to exit the leaf during respiration.
• Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata. When guard cells become turgid, the stomatal pore opens; when they lose turgor pressure, the stomatal pore closes.
• Stomatal pores are surrounded by guard cells, which control their opening and closing.
• Stomatal pores allow gas exchange between the atmosphere and the internal environment of the leaf.
• The mesophyll consists of two types of tissue; palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma.
• Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata through changes in their shape. When guard cells become turgid, the stomatal pore opens; when they lose turgor pressure, the stomatal pore closes.
• Stomata are small openings found only on the lower side of the leaf. They allow gases (carbon dioxide) to enter the leaf during photosynthesis and oxygen to escape during respiration.
• Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata.
• Stomata are small openings found only on the lower side of the leaf. They allow gases (carbon dioxide) to enter the leaf during photosynthesis and oxygen to exit the leaf during respiration.
• Palisade tissue contains elongated chloroplast-containing cells that absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
• The mesophyll is made up of palisade tissue and spongy tissue. Palisade tissue contains chloroplasts that carry out photosynthesis. Spongy tissue provides support and allows gas exchange between the air spaces within the leaf and the atmosphere outside the leaf.
• Vascular bundles consist of xylem and phloem tissue that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
• Vascular bundles consist of xylem tissue, which conducts water and minerals up the stem, and phloem tissue, which carries sugars down the stem.
• Phloem tissue consists of sieve tube elements joined end-to-end with perforated end walls called sieve plates. These tubes contain living protoplasts that have lost most of their organelles except for mitochondria and plastids. Sieve plate pores connect adjacent sieve tubes allowing solutes to move between them.
• The mesophyll is made up of palisade tissue and spongy tissue.
• The mesophyll consists of palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma layers that contain chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs.
• Spongy mesophyll cells have large air spaces between them that increase the amount of carbon dioxide available for photosynthesis.
• Photosynthetic pigments absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy that can be used by the plant.
• Palisade mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts that absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
• Leaves are specialized structures that capture sunlight for photosynthesis.
• Palisade cells are tightly packed and arranged parallel to the surface of the leaf, providing maximum exposure to light.
• Transpiration is the process by which water evaporates from plants through tiny pores called stomata.
• Guard cells surround stomatal pores and regulate their opening and closing based on environmental conditions.
• Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata based on environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature, and CO2 levels.
• structure of the leaf