LTM

• what is the researcher that showed there are several stores within long term memory?

  Tulving 1985
• how many stores did Tulving say were in Long term memory?

  3
• what are the different stores of long term memory?

  Episodic memory, Semantic memory, Procedural memory.
• what is episodic memory?

  memories of events 'episodes' in our lives that are likened to a diary. It is time stamped and involves people, places and things woven together to create one memory. Memories may be quickly and easily accessed, but only with conscious effort, making it declarative.
• what is semantic memory?

  Contains our knowledge of the world; facts; things and their meanings. They are not time stamped, but may be easily and quickly accessed but only with conscious effort which makes them declarative.
• what is procedural memory?

  memory for our actions and skills. We do not have to use conscious or effortful recall. We do the tasks without necessarily being aware of what we are doing which make it non-declarative. They are not time stamped, but the episode of when we learnt it may be remembered.
• what does it mean to be declarative?

  it requires conscious effort and thinking to retrieve the memory.
• which two memories are declarative?

  episodic and semantic.
• what was Clive-wearing affected by?

  He had a severe form of amnesia as a viral infection attacked his brain, damaging the hippocampus and associated areas.
• How does amnesia affect Clive-Wearing?

  He can still play the piano, read music and sing which are his non-declarative procedural memories, but he could not remember his musical education which are his declarative episodic memories. He could only recognise his wife Deborah but when she re enters a room he believes he has not seen her in years. He can remember he has kids but not their names. His memory only lasts a couple of seconds, he has no short term memory.
• What does The case study of Clive-Wearing suggest about the MSM?

  It suggests that there are at least two types of long term memory stores and that the multi store model of memory is oversimplified.
• What evidence from HM shows there is more than one type of LTM?

  he could improve on physical tasks such as tracing a start a mirror, but has no memory of doing it. He could make new procedural memories but was unable to make new episodic memories. He was unable to make new semantic memories as he could not remember the names of the doctors.
• Tulving 1994 - PET scans


  PET scans show activity (function) in the brain specifically where glucose is being used up. The left prefrontal cortex showed semantic memories and the right prefrontal cortex showed episodic memories. This showed different sorts of long term memories were accessed from different parts of the brain which supports the existence of different types of long term memory stores.
• clinical cases studies can indicate...

  areas for further research and may allow us to infer what is going on in healthy brains and study this experimentally.
• what are counterpoints to clinical case studies?

  they lack control variables as brain injuries are usually unexpected, you can not control what has happened before or during the injury, there is limited knowledge of memory before the injury so it is hard to make comparisons and we can't compare individuals as everyone is unique.
• What did Belleville et al do in 2006?


  devised an intervention to improve episodic memory in older people. The trained participants performed better on a test of episodic memory than a control group. This shows distinguishing between types of long term memory enables specific treatment to be developed.