anatomy

• Anatomy


  The word "Anatomy" derived from the Greek term "anatome" (ana = apart and tome = cutting). Therefore anatomy means to cut apart, divide or dissect.
• Human Anatomy


  A visual, descriptive scientific discipline that investigates the structure and function of the human body. It uses dissection to have a detailed knowledge of the various structures.
• Anatomy clarifies normal structures of the body and their interrelationship. It is basic for any medical discipline.
• Anatomy


  • One of the old Biomedical sciences
  • First formally studied in Egypt around 500 B.C
  • Earliest descriptions of human anatomy were written on papyruses between 3000 and 2500 B.C
  • Taught in Greek by Hippocrates (460 - 377 B.C.E.)
  • Aristotle (384-322 BC) was the first person to use the word "anatome"
  • During renaissance artists & anatomists like Leonardo davinci, Michelangelo, and Vesalius (1514-1564) began to accurately display and describe the parts of the human body
  • In 1543 the first comprehensive human anatomy book on the structure of human body was published by Andreas Vesalius
  • In the 19th century anatomy started to be divided into its different parts
• Subdivisions of Anatomy


  • General anatomy
  • Special anatomy
  • Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
  • Microscopic anatomy
  • Cytology
  • Histology
  • Developmental anatomy
  • Pathological anatomy
  • Radiological anatomy
  • Ultrastructural anatomy
  • Surgical anatomy
  • Functional anatomy
  • Descriptive anatomy
  • Comparative anatomy
• General Anatomy


  Deals with gross & microscopic structures as well as the composition of the body, its tissues & fluids
• Special Anatomy


  Deals with certain definite organs or groups of organs involved in the performance of special function
• Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy


  The study of the human body or its parts without the help of a microscope
• Microscopic Anatomy


  The study of cells, tissues & organs of the body by the help of microscope
• Cytology


  Cellular anatomy
• Histology


  Study of tissues
• Developmental Anatomy


  Anatomy of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adulthood. It includes embryology & postnatal development.
• Pathological Anatomy


  The study of structural changes caused by diseases. It pertains to gross & microscopic study of organs & tissues removed for biopsy or postmortem examination.
• Radiological Anatomy


  The study of the body by the help of radiographs
• Ultrastructural Anatomy


  The ultramicroscopic study of structures too small to be seen with light microscope
• Surgical Anatomy


  Applied anatomy in reference to surgical diagnosis & treatment
• Functional Anatomy


  Studied in relation to function
• Descriptive Anatomy


  Deals with the description of the physical structure of man
• Comparative Anatomy


  The comparative study of structures with regard to homologous organs or parts
• All vertebrates share a basic pattern of organization, and it is most noticeable during embryology.
• Approaches to Studying Anatomy

  • Regional or Topographic anatomy
  • Systemic Anatomy
  • Clinical (applied) Anatomy
  • Surface anatomy
• Regional or Topographic Anatomy


  The anatomy of certain related parts or divisions of the body. It recognizes the body's organization by layers: skin, subcutaneous tissue, and deep fascia, muscles, skeleton, and cavities.
• Regions of Regional or Topographic Anatomy

  • Upper limb
  • Lower limb
  • Thorax
  • Abdomen
  • Pelvis
  • Perineum
  • Back
  • Head
  • Neck
• Systemic Anatomy is an approach to anatomical study organized by organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions.
• Organ Systems


  • Integumentary system
  • Nervous system
  • Skeletal system
  • Endocrine system
  • Muscular system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Urinary system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Reproductive system
• Body Cavities


  Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs. They are separated by bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures.
• Types of Body Cavities

  • Dorsal cavity
  • Ventral cavity
• Dorsal Cavity


  Divided into cranial and vertebral cavity
• Ventral Cavity


  Contains viscera (visceral organs). Divided into thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.
• Thoracic Cavity


  Divided into two lateral pleural cavities and central mediastinum containing pericardial cavity.
• Abdominopelvic Cavity


  Divided into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
• Serous Cavities


  Slit-like spaces lined by serous membranes (serosa).
• Parietal Serosa


  Forms the outer wall of the cavity.
• Visceral Serosa


  Covers the visceral organ.
• Mucous Membrane


  Lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior. Consists of a lining layer of epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue.
• Serous Membrane


  Lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior (thoracic or abdominal cavities), and it covers the organs that are within the cavity. Consists of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium.
• Cutaneous Membrane


  Covers the entire surface of the body and consists of a superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion called the dermis.
• Synovial Membrane


  Lines structures that do not open to the exterior, ie joint cavity. Lacks an epithelium and is composed of a discontinuous layer of cells called synoviocytes.
• Anatomical Position


  A position used as a reference when describing parts of the body in relation to each other. Allows a standard way of documenting where one part of the body is in relation to another, regardless of whether the body is standing, lying down, or in any other position.
• Visceral


  Covers the visceral organ