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biologfy cells
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Cells
are the basic
building blocks
of life
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Cells
are the smallest unit of life that can
replicate
independently
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Multicellular organisms like
animals
and
plants
contain many cells
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Bacterial cells
are single-celled organisms
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Cell membrane
Controls which
substances
can pass in and
out
of the cell
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Nucleus
Contains the
genetic
material (
DNA
) and controls the cell's activities
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Cytoplasm
Gel-like
substance that fills the cell and contains the
subcellular
structures
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Mitochondria
Provide the cell with
energy
through
aerobic
respiration
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Ribosomes
Site of
protein synthesis
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Plant cells
Have a rigid cell wall made of
cellulose
Have a permanent vacuole that contains
cell sap
Have chloroplasts for
photosynthesis
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Bacterial cells
Do not have
mitochondria
or
chloroplasts
Have a single
circular
strand of DNA (
nucleoid
) instead of a nucleus
Some have
flagella
to allow movement
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Bacteria can also have small rings of DNA called
plasmids
that carry extra
genes
like antibiotic resistance
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Eukaryotic
cells
Cells that contain their
genetic
material enclosed in a
nucleus
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Eukaryotic cells
Have a
nucleus
containing the genetic material (
DNA
)
Have a
cell membrane
around the
edge
of the cell
Have
cytoplasm
within the
cell membrane
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Prokaryotic
cells
Cells where the
genetic
material is not enclosed in a
nucleus
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Prokaryotic cells
Do not have a
nucleus
, the genetic material is a single loop of
DNA
May have small rings of DNA called
plasmids
Have a
cell membrane
Have a
cell wall
Contain
cytoplasm
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Prokaryotic
cells
Are much
smaller
than eukaryotic cells
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Animal
and plant cells are
eukaryotic
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Bacteria are
prokaryotic
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Microscope
Normal light microscope can see cells and
nucleus
, electron microscope can see
subcellular
structures in more detail
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Magnification
Image size
/
Object size
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Cell size
Measure image size, divide by
magnification
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Cell types
Eukaryotic
cells (have nucleus)
Prokaryotic
cells (no nucleus)
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Eukaryotic
cells
DNA
is found in the nucleus
Examples:
plant
and
animal
cells
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Prokaryotic cells
DNA is found in a ring called a
plasmid
No
nucleus
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Cell structures
Cell membrane
Cell wall
(in
plant
cells and bacteria)
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
(in plant cells)
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Bacterial multiplication
1.
Binary fission
2. Number
doubles
every
10
minutes
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Practical on bacterial growth: Produce
culture
on
agar
in Petri dish using aseptic technique
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Diploid cells
Cells with
23
pairs of
chromosomes
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Haploid cells
Cells with
23 single
chromosomes
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Mitosis
1. Genetic material is
duplicated
2.
Nucleus
breaks down
3.
Chromosomes
pulled to opposite sides
4. New
nuclei
form
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Cell specialization
Cells specialize to fulfill different
functions
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Stem cells
Unspecialized cells that can
differentiate
into various cell types
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Diffusion
Movement of molecules/particles from high to
low
concentration, down concentration gradient,
passive
process
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Osmosis
Diffusion
of
water
across a semi-permeable membrane
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Practical on
osmosis
: Measure change in mass of potato/vegetable cylinders in different
sugar
solutions
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Active transport
Using
energy
to move substances
against
a concentration gradient
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Tissues
Heart
tissue
Digestive
tissue
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Organs
Heart
Liver
Gallbladder
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Organ systems
Circulatory
system
Digestive
system
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