biologfy cells

    Cards (86)

    • Cells are the basic building blocks of life
    • Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently
    • Multicellular organisms like animals and plants contain many cells
    • Bacterial cells are single-celled organisms
    • Cell membrane
      Controls which substances can pass in and out of the cell
    • Nucleus
      Contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities
    • Cytoplasm
      Gel-like substance that fills the cell and contains the subcellular structures
    • Mitochondria
      Provide the cell with energy through aerobic respiration
    • Ribosomes
      Site of protein synthesis
    • Plant cells
      • Have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose
      • Have a permanent vacuole that contains cell sap
      • Have chloroplasts for photosynthesis
    • Bacterial cells
      • Do not have mitochondria or chloroplasts
      • Have a single circular strand of DNA (nucleoid) instead of a nucleus
      • Some have flagella to allow movement
    • Bacteria can also have small rings of DNA called plasmids that carry extra genes like antibiotic resistance
    • Eukaryotic cells

      Cells that contain their genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
    • Eukaryotic cells
      • Have a nucleus containing the genetic material (DNA)
      • Have a cell membrane around the edge of the cell
      • Have cytoplasm within the cell membrane
    • Prokaryotic cells

      Cells where the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus
    • Prokaryotic cells
      • Do not have a nucleus, the genetic material is a single loop of DNA
      • May have small rings of DNA called plasmids
      • Have a cell membrane
      • Have a cell wall
      • Contain cytoplasm
    • Prokaryotic cells

      Are much smaller than eukaryotic cells
    • Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic
    • Bacteria are prokaryotic
    • Microscope
      Normal light microscope can see cells and nucleus, electron microscope can see subcellular structures in more detail
    • Magnification
      Image size / Object size
    • Cell size
      Measure image size, divide by magnification
    • Cell types
      • Eukaryotic cells (have nucleus)
      • Prokaryotic cells (no nucleus)
    • Eukaryotic cells

      • DNA is found in the nucleus
      • Examples: plant and animal cells
    • Prokaryotic cells
      • DNA is found in a ring called a plasmid
      • No nucleus
    • Cell structures
      • Cell membrane
      • Cell wall (in plant cells and bacteria)
      • Cytoplasm
      • Mitochondria
      • Ribosomes
      • Chloroplasts (in plant cells)
    • Bacterial multiplication
      1. Binary fission
      2. Number doubles every 10 minutes
    • Practical on bacterial growth: Produce culture on agar in Petri dish using aseptic technique
    • Diploid cells
      Cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes
    • Haploid cells
      Cells with 23 single chromosomes
    • Mitosis
      1. Genetic material is duplicated
      2. Nucleus breaks down
      3. Chromosomes pulled to opposite sides
      4. New nuclei form
    • Cell specialization
      • Cells specialize to fulfill different functions
    • Stem cells
      Unspecialized cells that can differentiate into various cell types
    • Diffusion
      Movement of molecules/particles from high to low concentration, down concentration gradient, passive process
    • Osmosis
      Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
    • Practical on osmosis: Measure change in mass of potato/vegetable cylinders in different sugar solutions
    • Active transport
      Using energy to move substances against a concentration gradient
    • Tissues
      • Heart tissue
      • Digestive tissue
    • Organs
      • Heart
      • Liver
      • Gallbladder
    • Organ systems
      • Circulatory system
      • Digestive system
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