PHILOSOPHY - Lesson 1.2

• There are four Philosophical Tools and Processes; Questioning, Logical Reasoning, Holistic and Partial Thinking, and Philosophical Reflection.
• Questioning - Philosophy is born out of ignorance. A philosopher is like a child who has an inquisitive mind.
• According to Socrates, dialectics is the dialogue between people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to arrive at the truth through reasoned argumentation.
• Logical Reasoning - A form of thinking in which premises and relations between premises are used in a rigorous manner to infer conclusions.
• There are two types of Logical Reasoning; Deductive Reasoning and Inductive Reasoning.
• Deductive reasoning is a logical approach where you go from general ideas to specific conclusions.
• Inductive reasoning is a logical approach where you go from specific ideas to general conclusions.
• Premise 1: All mammals are warm-blooded.

  Premise 2: A dog is a mammal.

  Conclusion: Therefore, a dog is warm-blooded.

  Logical Reasoning; Deductive Reasoning
• Premise 1: The first three crows I saw were black.

  Premise 2: The next two crows I also saw were black.

  Conclusion: Therefore, all crows are black.

  Logical Reasoning; Inductive Reasoning
• Holistic Thinking - Involves considering the entire system or context rather than focusing on individual parts. It emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of various elements.
• Partial Thinking - Involves focusing on specific parts or elements of a system, often in isolation from the broader context.
• Philosophical Reflection - Involves thinking critically about fundamental questions related to existence, knowledge, values, and reality.