PHILOSOPHY - Lesson 2.2

• Fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed.
• Directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining.


  Argumentum Ad Hominem (Argument Against the Person)
• Based on the appeal to threat or force in order to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion.


  Argumentum Ad Baculum (Argument to the Stick/Appeal to Force)
• Attempts to persuade by provoking irrelevant feelings of sympathy.


  Argumentum Ad Misericordiam (Appeal to Pity)
• Argumentum Ad Hominem

  
• Argumentum Ad Baculum

  
• Argumentum Ad Misericordiam

  
• A claim that something is true simply because that's what a large number of people believe.


  Argumentum Ad Populum (Appeal to Public/Bandwagon)
• Argumentum Ad Populum

  
• An idea is claimed to be right because it is the way it was often done in the past.


  Argumentum Ad Antiquitatem (Appeal to Tradition)
• Argumentum Ad Antiquitatem

  
• Concluding that something is true since you can't prove it false or vice versa.


  Argumentum Ad Ignoratiam (Argument from Ignorance)
• Argumentum Ad Ignoratiam

  
• Making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate. 


  Hasty Generalization
• Hasty Generalization

  
• An argument that claims an initial event or action will trigger a series of other events and lead to an extreme or undesirable outcome. 


  Slippery Slope
• Slippery Slope

  
• Introducing an irrelevant or secondary subject and thereby diverting attention from the main subject.


  Red Herring
• Red Herring

  
• Assumption that because one event preceded another event, they must be casually related.


  Post Hoc
• Post Hoc