2.2

• 2.2.4 Y do countries scramble爭奪 for energy resources?

  A. mismatch of energy-producing +consuming countries

  ➀e.g. Russia + Saudi Arabia, have surplus of fossil fuels ;India + China, do not produce enough fossil fuels to meet their demand →mismatch of energy-producing +consuming countries→ Scramble for energy resources
• 2.2.4 Y do countries scramble爭奪 for energy resources?

  A.mismatch of energy-producing +consuming countries

  ➁didn’t produce enough fossil fuels →find a reliable fuel supply by:

  maintaining good relationships with the energy- exporting countries;

  -import more fossil fuels from country with surplus

  Invest投資 energy industry能源產業 of  energy-exporting countries;

  Building pipelines管線+ shipping facilities運輸設施 to ensure smooth transport of fuels

  -try find more fuels from their existing reserves if they are available

  • developing alternative energy resources替代能源(e.g.solar power)
• 2.2.4 Y do countries scramble爭奪 for energy resources?

  B. Insufficient不足的 fossil fuels reserves to meet future demand

  ➀The global consumption消耗 of fossil fuels has been increasing over the past decades. (rise further in future. ）

  ➁Many LDCs (e.g.China and India), are expected to lead the rise in fossil fuel consumption.

  -Reasons for large demand for fossil fuels in LDCs

  ~Rapid Industrial and economic development

  ~Rapid population growth

  ~Rise in living standards
• 2.2.4 Y do countries scramble爭奪 for energy resources?

  ➂ In MDCs (e.g.USA and some European countries), the consumption消耗 level is still very high but the rise has slowed down in recent years.

  -Reasons for large demand for fossil fuels in MDCs

  ~High levels of economic and industrial development

  ~High living standards

  ➃Meeting the increase in the demand for fossil fuels will be a big challenge∴  :

  -Fossil fuels are finite有限 resources （limited supply & need many years to form)

  • new reserves difficult to extract

    ~New oil reserves in deep seas  / Arctic & expensive & risky to Extracting
• 2.2.5 What problems cause if shortages of fossil fuels?

  A. Economic Problems

  Shortage of oil→Oil price↑→Transport costs & industrial production costs↑→ Lower economic growth →Global economic recession經濟衰退

  B. Conflicts among countries

  ➀Countries may engage參與 in Wars to secure reliable supply of oil & natural gas. ➁Many countries are also scrambling for oil rights in the Arctic.
• Y Difficult of extracting oil in Arctic?

  ① the extreme climate ② the physical environment is very harsh, as well as 24 hours darkness in winter ③ the location is Uncontrollable ④ the transport mostly relies on sea ⑤ the thick ice cover increase the difficulties & the cost of extracting oil