Forensic 5

• Polygraph Examiner


  is one who is capable of detecting deception
• Polygraph Examiner is also known as?

  Forensic Psychophysiologist
• Professional responsibility of a Polygraph Examiner:

  a)a truthful subject deserves to be reported for protection of his reputation

  b) deceptive subject deserves to be reported deceptive for protection of community

  c) the polygraph examiner cannot be partisan
• Subject or Examinee


  is any person undergoes polygraph examination
• Subject suitability:

  1. must be free from drugs 
  2. if female should not be pregnant
  3. should not be hungry
  4. should not br physically or emotionally abused
  5. should not be suffering from high blood
  6. should have at least 5 hours sleep
• Pre-employment screening


  A test used to screen applicants for employment
• Periodic audit (loyalty checking)


  A test used to determine the honesty and integrity of the present employee with the company
• Case investigation

  A test commonly conducted in the field today when there is an incident or issue under question
• Polygraph examination in criminal investigation

  • Serves as aid to eliminate innocent subjects, recognizes false complaints, provides new key to an investigation all investigative techniques have been exhausted, narrow the focus of inquiry and helps to speed up the process of investigation
• Paired testing

  A polygraph test conducted when there are two persons who assert contradictory statement. Both persons simultaneously undergo polygraph exam in separate rooms with different examiners.
• Post-conviction sex offender testing

  A test conducted to those convicted of sex crimes to monitor their behavior while under parole or probation
• Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Composed of the brain and the spinal cord
• Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System

  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
• Somatic Nervous System

  Involved with voluntary comparative over skeletal muscles
• Autonomic Nervous System

  Involved those involuntary physiological functions of the body and has considerable psychological impact as well
• Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System

  • Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
  • Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
• Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)


  The house keeping or braking system, responsible for conserving energy and maintaining homeostasis
• Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

  The emergency or action system, causes sudden and dramatic physiological changes
• Homeostasis


  Complex interactive regulatory system by which the body strives to maintain a state of internal equilibrium
• Hypothalamus


  A series of groups of nerve cells of the brain that control the entire endocrine-hormonal system
• Stereotypic behavioral responses to threat

  • Fight
  • Flight
  • Freeze
• Sympathetic nervous system activation

  Adrenal glands secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, blood distributed to areas where most needed to meet the emergency
• Epinephrine


  The hormonal stimulator of the sympathetic nervous system; constrict peripheral blood flow, raise blood pressure, increase cardiac activity, promote metabolic activity through the release of glucose, and inhibit digestive processes.
• Effects of epinephrine

  1. Constricts peripheral blood flow

  2. Raises blood pressure

  3. Increases cardiac activity

  4. Promotes metabolic activity through the release of glucose

  5. Inhibits digestive processes
• Epinephrine

  Adrenaline
• Norepinephrine


  A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland, works alongside epinephrine/adrenaline to give the body sudden energy in times of stress, known as the "fight or flight" response
• Norepinephrine


  Noradrenaline
• Verbal signs of Deception-The determination of deception through the words uttered by the subject is somehow difficult because people can easily manipulate or control their verbal expressions
• The least dependable signs of lying are the ones which a person has the most control, such as words, because a person can rehearse their lies
• Speech patterns

  • Higher pitch in tone
  • Stuttering
  • Clearing the throat
  • Frequent pauses
  • Use of filler words like "uh, er, oh" and "um"
  • Cutting out contractions
  • Getting tongue-tied and losing thoughts in mid-sentence
• Liars

  • Repeat questions to buy time before responding
  • Use strong denial and try to make the other person feel guilty
  • Change the subject or tell a story that lacks details and contradicts itself
  • Are unwilling to cooperate and may get frustrated or angry when pushed to speak
• Anyone who says they "never lie" is probably lying
• Verbal Signs of Deception 


  people can easy manipulate their verbal expression
• Repeating Questions 


  As lies are formulated, the person needs time to think. Instead of giving a straight answer, they usually repeat the question 
• Strong Denial

  Defensive behavior, denial and trying to make the other person feel guilty might also used as the liars tries to create empathy. One might hear things like, "I would never lie" as the person tries to convince the interviewer that he is innocent
• Changing the Subject or Story

  A swift subject change is another of the verbal sign of lying
• Unwillingness to Cooperate


  Liars do not want to be found out and will be significantly more uncooperative than someone who is telling the truth. 
• Non-verbal Signs of Deception


  Body movements or gestures of persons while asked a series of questions
• Body gestures or signals

  • Difficult to control and considered the most reliable clue of lying
• Mouth Cover


  A lying person tends to cover his mouth with several fingers when lying. The brain causes this and the person does this subconsciously to hide the words just being said.