Information processing

• Display

  the sporting environment
• During the input stage...


  the performer uses the senses to pick up information from the environment
• Receptor systems


  senses used to collect information
• Senses:


  sight, auditory, touch, balance,kinesthesis
• Proprioceptors


  internal senses
• Selective attention


  a process that helps the performer filter relevant information from the irrelevant information
• The benefit of selective attention is:

  it can improve reaction time
• DCR stands for:

  Detection, Comparison, Recognition
• Detection


  the performer has picked up the relevant information and identified that information as important, using the senses and the process of selective attention
• Comparison


  involves trying to match the information identified as important to information already in the memory of the performer
• Recognition


  means that the performer has used information from the memory to identify an appropriate response- this response can then be put into action
• Translatory mechanism


  uses past experiences so that information received can be linked/compared with past experiences and sent to the memory system
• Effector mechanism


  the network of nerves that is responsible for delivering the decisions made in the translatory mechanism to the muscles so that those muscles can perform the action
• Positive feedback


  Encouragement
• Negative feedback


  Error correction
• Extrinsic feedback


  from outside source
• Intrinsic feedback


  from within
• Knowledge of results


  concerns the outcome
• Knowledge of performance


  about technique
• Central executive


  overall control over all the info entering and leaving the working memory
• Phonological loop


  deals with auditory information from the senses and helps produce the memory trace
• Visuospatial sketchpad


  used to temporarily store visual and spatial information
• visual cache


  part of the Visuospatial sketchpad which holds info about form and colour
• inner scribe


  part of the Visuospatial sketchpad which deals with spatial and movement information
• Episodic buffer


  co-ordinates the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long-term memory
• Long term memory


  receives information from the working memory and has an unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes
• Strategies to store information in the LTM

  Rewards, association, mental practice, chunking, focus, repetition, chaining
• Schema theory suggests...


  that the same/similar skills can be used in different sports because the performer has developed a general set of concepts that allows skills to be adapted to suit the situation
• Recall schema

  Initial conditions

  Response specifications
• Recognition schema

  Sensory consequences

  Response outcome
• Initial conditions


  where am I? The player needs to gather information from the environment i.e. position of other players
• Response specifications


  what do I need to do? From the initial conditions, the player can decide on what to do from the options available i.e. what is the best pass to use, who is best to pass to etc.
• Sensory consequences


  what does it look/feel like? Player gathers sensory information (vision/touch) to help guide movement for the situation. For example, weighting and timing of the pass if got to pass further etc.
• Response outcome

  what happened as a result? After the task, the player may receive information (feedback) on the outcome and updates motor programme if required i.e. did the pass reach the target
• Reaction Time


  time taken from the onset of stimulus to onset of response
• Movement Time


  time taken to complete the task
• Response Time


  time taken from onset of stimulus to the completion of a task
• Simple reaction time


  Involves one stimulus and one possible response
• Choice reaction time


  Involves the performer being presented with numerous stimuli, each with a different response
• Hick's Law


  As the number of choices increases, so does the reaction time