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Forensics P3
Cognitive explanations of offending behaviour
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Created by
Lucy Ashton
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Cards (29)
Rational
(in classical
economic
theory)
economic
agents are able to consider the outcome of their choices and recognise the net benefits of each one
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Rational
agents will select the choice which presents the
highest benefits
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Producers act
rationally
by
Selling
goods/services in a way that maximises their
profits
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Workers act
rationally
by
Balancing
welfare
at work with consideration of both
pay
and benefits
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Governments act
rationally
by
Placing the
interests
of the people they serve first in order to maximise their
welfare
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Rationality
in classical economic theory is a
flawed
assumption as people usually don't act rationally
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Demand curve shifting right
Increases
the equilibrium
price
and quantity
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If you add up
marginal utility
for each unit you get
total utility
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Han
loved Emmy very much but sadly Emmy was diagnosed with a rare type of cancer and didn't have long to live
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There was a pharmacist who had invented a drug called
psycbustium
that could totally cure
Emmy
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The
pharmacist
owned all the rights to this medication and decided to sell it at a high markup, 10 times the cost price of
200
pounds
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Han didn't have enough money to pay the
2,000 pounds
for the drug
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Han tried
fundraising
to cover the costs but only managed to gather
1,000 pounds
which wasn't enough
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Han begged the
pharmacist
to sell it at a reduced price but the man
refused
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Desperate and running out of time,
Han
broke into the
pharmacy
after hours and stole the drug
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Researcher
Kohlberg
: 'Described a theory of
moral reasoning
suggesting there are three levels that we can pass through during our moral development'
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Pre-conventional
level
People only consider how their
actions
will affect them
personally
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Punishment orientation
stage
People think correct
behavior
is whatever they won't get in
trouble
for
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Reward orientation
stage
Correct behavior is simply whatever is the most
rewarding
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Conventional
level
People accept society as an
authority
and
conform
to its expectations
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Post-conventional
level
People consider their own
personal ethical principles
and will obey or disobey depending on deeply felt
beliefs
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Kohlberg
suggests around 90% of people are not really going to get beyond stage 4 (
social obedience
)
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Cognitive distortions
When our mind fails to accurately perceive the true
reality
of the world around us because this thinking is fundamentally
irrational
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Hostile attribution bias
We
automatically
assume that the other person has had
negative
intentions
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Minimization
We see our own behaviour as
less serious
than it really is
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Research by Holland and Palmer found male offenders had lower
moral reasoning
than non-offenders
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Kohlberg's
theory is limited by being based on responses to
hypothetical dilemma
questions rather than real-world behaviour
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Kohlberg's
theory was biased towards a male ideal of
justice
, minimizing the importance of female perspectives focused on caring
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Cognitive behavioural programs that challenge
irrational thinking
, like
anger management
, could reduce reoffending
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