Memory

• Miller 


  magic number 7 +/- 2 items
• Peterson + Peterson 


  duration of the stm
• Baddeley 


  encoding - stm is acoustically + ltm is semantically
• chunking 


  a technique that can be used to increase the capacity of the STM
• acoustic

  how it sounds
• semantic 


  the meaning
• multi store model of memory

  environmental stimuli - sensory register if attention is paid STM with rehearsal LTM retrieval STM
• Evaluation of MSM

  HM case study - confirmed STM + LTM is independant, can't explain that the two stores are separate parts of the brain

  Clive Wearing - shows 2 separate parts of the brain + too simplistic - Clive could remember some LTM but not others
• Baddeley + Hitch 


  Working memory model

  Central executive sorts into separate stores, phonological loop, episodic buffer and viso spatial sketchpad

  shows how a person can do two things at once
• Central executive

  modality free - processes all types of info

  very limited capacity

  directs slave systems to be allocated tasks
• phonological loop


  inner ear - stores words

  inner voice - used for words seen of heard eg for reading
• visuo-spatical sketchpad 


  visual cache - stores info about visual items eg colour or shapes

  inner scribe - stores the arrangement of objects eg letters
• episodic buffer


  general store added in 2000, eg time sequencing
• semantic

  knowledge of the world
• episodic

  personal events/ experiences
• procedural

  how to do something/ motor skills
• context cues

  environmental factors
• state context

  emotional state we are in
• Goodwin

  drunk man study - found people were more likely to remember when they are put into the same environment that they learnt it in eg learning drunk remembering drunk
• evaluation of Goodwin 


  real life application - drunkman + scuba drivers

  " " - revision

  other reasons for forgetting
• proactive interference 


  old memories interfere with new ones
• retroactive interference


  new memories interfere with old ones
• Gabbert 


  71% of pp gave an inaccurate statement after discussing what they had seen with a confederate co-witness (gun video)
• Loftus + palmer 


  looked at the effects on leading questions - smashed caused pp to increase the speed compared to contacted
• Johnson + Scott

  bloody knife + greasy pen

  holding a knife - 33% accuracy

  holding a pen - 49% accuracy
• Christianson + Hubbinette

  bank robbery

  anxiety levels made recall improve
• Yerkes-Dodson law

  depends on how stressed you are causes memory
• Pickle study

  found that anxiety isn't the only thing to influence re-call it can be surprise as well

  lowest recall - chicken

  highest recall - wallet
• Fisher et al

  argued ewt could be improved, created a better technique - cognitive interview
• the cognitive interview

  report everything, reinstate the context, reverse the order and change perspectives
• report everything


  ew are encouraged to include every single detail not matter how irrelevant
• reinstate the context 


  the witness should return to the crime scene within their mind
• reverse the order


  events are recalled in a different order to prevent people being dishonest as it is harder to be untruthful
• change perspective 


  recalling from another perspective of another person - prevents them reporting their expectations
• enhanced cognitive interview 


  focuses on the interviewee/ interviewers dynamics rather than the specific questions eg asking them to speak slowly or minding distractions
• cognitive interview has been shown to improve recall by up to 50% compared with standard interviews
• Encoding specificity principle 


  info in LTM but forgetting happens due to absence of appropriate cues/ prompts encoded at the same time