PCBI101: INTRODUCTION

• Anatomy


  The study of the structure and relationship between body parts
• Physiology


  The study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole
• Pathophysiology


  The functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury
• Major organ systems of the human body

  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic
  • Digestive
  • Endocrine
  • Integumentary
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Reproductive
  • Respiratory
  • Skeletal
  • Urinary
  • Immune
• Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts
• Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole
• Pathophysiology is the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury
• Characteristic of life

  • Homeostasis - the maintenance of stable, internal conditions within specific limits
• Homeostatic control

  1. Negative feedback - the end product of a process reduces the stimulus of that same process

  2. Positive feedback - a feedback mechanism resulting in the amplification or growth of the output signal
• Types of body build

  • Ectomorph - narrow shoulders and hips, thin and narrow face, thin and narrow chest and abdomen, very little body fat, thin legs and arms
  • Mesomorph - large head, broad shoulders, narrow waist, muscular body, very little body fat, genetically gifted, long torso, full chest, good shoulder to waist ratio
  • Endomorph - wide hips and narrow shoulders, quite a lot of fat spread across the body, wide bone structure, slower metabolism, weight gain is easy, fat loss is difficult
• Basic mechanisms of disease

  • Pathogenic organisms - organisms capable of causing disease in its host
  • Degenerative - a continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time
  • Metabolic - abnormal chemical reactions in the body alter the normal metabolic process
  • Toxic - caused by ingestion of a poison
  • Traumatic - caused by physical injury
  • Nutritional deficiency - result when an individual's diet is inadequate
  • Psychogenic - originate in the mind, having an emotional or psychologic origin in relation to a symptom
• It is caused by ingestion of a poison
• Toxic Disease


  • Inhalation of carbon monoxide from an automobile exhaust in an enclosed garage may cause tissue hypoxia
• It is caused by physical injury
• It result when an individual's diet is inadequate in terms of the amount or type of proteins, essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals or water
• Psychogenic Disease


  It originate in the mind, having an emotional or psychologic origin in relation to a symptoms
• It result from the activity or treatments of physicians or other health-care providers
• Idiopathic Disease


  It refer to disorders whose causes are yet unknown
• Endocrine Disease


  It results from excessive or inadequate levels of hormone production
• Palpations


  • Examination with the hands, feeling for organs, masses, or infiltration of a part of the body, feeling the heart or pulse beat, or vibrations in the chest
• Auscultations


  • It is listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope
• Percussion


  • The act or technique of tapping the surface of a body part to learn the condition of the parts beneath by the resulting sound
• Reflex testing

  • It incorporates an assessment of the function and interplay of both sensory and motor pathways. It is simple yet informative and can give important insights into the integrity of the nervous system at many different levels
• Pathology


  The study of the essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them
• Anatomic Pathology


  A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine, as well as tissues, using the tools of chemistry, clinical microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology
• Etiology


  The cause of a disease or the science that deals with such causes
• Disease


  An abnormal condition of an organism which interrupts the normal bodily functions that often leads to feeling of pain and weakness, and usually associated with symptoms and signs
• Pathogenesis


  The sequence of events that leads from cause, to structural and functional abnormalities and finally to manifestation of disease
• Sign


  Any objective evidence of disease
• Symptoms


  A subjective evidence of disease
• Sequela


  An aftereffect of a disease, condition, or injury
• Acute Disease


  An illness that is of short duration, rapidly progressive, and in need of urgent care
• Chronic Disease


  A disease that lasts 3 months or more
• Epidemiology


  A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population
• Endemic


  Native to or limited to a certain region
• Epidemic


  The occurrence of more cases of a disease than would be expected in a community or region during a given time period
• Sporadic


  A disease which occurs in single and scattered cases
• Pandemic


  An outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population
• Convalescence


  The gradual recovery of health and strength after illness or injury
• Prognosis


  A prediction of the course of a disease following its onset. It refers to the possible outcomes of a disease and the frequency with which they can be expected to occur