exam 2

    Cards (57)

    • Nervous system
      Receives and processes sensory information from both external and internal environments. Sensory, motor, and information processing.
    • Nervous system
      • Has two major divisions:
      • Central nervous system - consists of the brain and spinal chord
      • Peripheral nervous system - consists of nerves, which lie outside the CNS. 12 cranial nerves that comes off from the brain and 31 spinal nerves that comes off from the spine.
    • Neurons
      Chemical messengers that send electrical impulses and chemical signals, transmit information to different parts of the brain, to the nervous system
    • Three major parts of a neuron
      • Cell body
      • Dendrites - carries information or impulses toward the cell body
      • Axons - carries information/impulses away from the cell body
    • Neuroglia cells
      Do not provide electrical or transmit impulses, provide physical support and nourishment to the neurons
    • Four types of neuroglia cells found in the CNS
      • Microglial
      • Oligodendrocyte
      • Astrocyte
      • Ependymal
    • Two neuroglia cells found in the PNS

      • Schwann cells
      • Satellite
    • Four major parts of the brain
      • Cerebrum (telencephalon)
      • Cerebellum
      • Diencephalon
      • Brain stem
    • Cerebrum (telencephalon)
      • Has four lobes:
      • Frontal - solving problems, think, speak, hear, smell
      • Parietal lobe - the taste area
      • Occipital lobe - vision/visual
      • Temporal - hearing
    • functions of the Cerebellum
      • Responsible for posture, balance, and coordination
    • Diencephalonfunctions

      • Thalamus - relay station that carries messages to other parts of the brain. Also for alertness and consciousness.
      • Hypothalamus - regulates water balance, hunger and thirst, body temp and homeostasis, sexual appetite and emotional behavior.
    • Three parts of the brain stem
      • Midbrain - eye movement
      • Pons - bridge connects various parts of the brain
      • Medulla oblongata - controls/regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing
    • Spinal cord
      • Communication between brain and body (called the reflex center)
      • Gray matter - for memory, movement, and emotions. Does not contain myelin sheath
      • White matter - contains myelin sheath and helps us to think fast, walk straight, and keeps us from falling
      • Central canal - contains CSF, which removes toxins from the brain
    • Amygdala
      Almond shaped and responsible for emotions, fear, and pleasure
    • Hippocampus
      Responsible for learning and memory
    • Three layers of meninges
      • Dura mater - outer layer
      • Arachnoid mater - middle
      • Pia mater - inner
    • Spinal nerves
      • 8 cervical
      • 12 thoracic
      • 5 lumbar
      • 5 sacrum
      • 1 coccyx (31 total)
    • Two divisions of the peripheral nervous system
      • Somatic - movement of skeletal muscles, voluntary
      • Autonomic - movement of cardiac and smooth muscle, involuntary
    • Two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system
      • Sympathetic - fight or flight, occurs in emergency situations; high heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
      • Parasympathetic - rest and digest, normal heart rate, blood pressure, breathing
    • As a person ages, they lose 10,000 nerve cells a day
    • Nerve cells cannot be reproduced
    • As nerve cell decreases
      Function of nervous system declines
    • Decline in performance tasks and reaction time, due to slow processing of the brain
    • Nerve conduction impulses slows, as myelin sheath disintegrates
    • Decline in intelligence, word usage, and short term memory
    • Decline in blood flow to the parts of the body (Stroke patients)
    • Decreased reflex response due to atrophy, lack of inactivity or exercise
    • Inability to control bladder
    • Age-related changes to the nervous system
      • Loss of 10,000 nerve cells per day
      • Nerve cells cannot be reproduced
      • Decline in function of nervous system
      • Decline in performance tasks and reaction time
      • Slowing of nerve conduction impulses
      • Decline in intelligence, word usage, and short term memory
      • Decline in blood flow
      • Decreased reflex response
      • Inability to control bladder
    • Conditions affecting the nervous system
      • Menopause/post menopause - lack of exercise, medication, stress
      • Alzheimer's disease - neurodegenerative disease that affects memory, caused by too much buildup of protein/plaque called amyloid, and loss of neurons in the brain
      • Stroke - blood clot that blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain, symptoms include muscle weakness, face drooping, and difficulty speaking
    • Sensory receptors
      Convert signals from the environment called stimuli, into nerve impulses (sensory transduction)
    • Types of sensory receptors
      • Exteroceptors - detect stimuli from outside the body (taste, smell, vision, hearing, equilibrium)
      • Proprioceptors - detect muscle movements (eccentric - lengthening, concentric - shortening)
      • Chemoreceptors - detect taste or smell
      • Osmoreceptors - detect fluid balance
      • Nociceptors - detect pain
      • Mechanoreceptors - detect balance, pressure, and vibration
      • Interoceptors - detect balance, pressure, and vibration
      • Photoreceptors - detect light
      • Thermoreceptors - detect temperature (hot or cold)
    • Gustation (taste)
      • Umami - delicious taste
      • Alkaloids - bitter taste (e.g. wine, beer, cola), have a pH of 8-14
      • Bases (pH 8-14), Acids (<7), Neutral (>7)
    • Age-related changes to taste
      • Poor oral hygiene
      • Taste aberration
      • Dry mouth
      • Increase of viscosity (thickness)
      • Formation of fissures and furrows (cracks) on the tongue
    • Olfaction (smell)
      • Anosmia - loss of smell
      • Each olfactory has dendrites
    • Age-related changes to smell
      • Nasal allergies
      • Sinusitis
      • Nasal polyps
      • Loss of nerve endings
      • Loss of production of mucus in the nose
    • Parts of the ear
      • Pinna - collects sound waves
      • Auditory canal - filters air
      • Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
      • Ossicles - malleus, incus, stapes
      • Auditory tube - equalizes air pressure
      • Semicircular canals - rotational equilibrium
      • Vestibule - gravitational
      • Cochlea - hearing and balance
    • Age-related changes to the ear
      • Gradual loss of hearing
      • Presbycusis - loss of hearing, typically high pitched sounds are the first to be lost
      • Tinnitus - caused by too much earwax/cerumen, head injuries, whiplash, medications
      • Deafness or complete hearing loss
      • Dizziness or vertigo
    • Parts of the eye
      • Sclera - white outer layer, helps maintain shape
      • Cornea - absorbs scattered light rays
      • Choroid - black, pigmented middle layer which absorbs light rays
      • Retina - inner layer, photoreceptor
      • Pupil - regulates light entrance
      • Aqueous and vitreous humor
      • Optic nerve - transmits impulses from the occipital lobe to the brain
      • Iris - admits light
      • Fovea centralis - makes acute vision
    • Age-related changes to the eye
      • Vision problems - shrinkage of the eyes, pupil gets smaller by 1/3
      • Presbyopia - nearby objects become very blurry
      • Blindness - complete or partial
      • Glaucoma - damage to the optic nerve as a result of elevated blood pressure
      • Cataracts - cloudy lens or window
      • Diabetic retinopathy - damage on the retina caused by diabetes
      • Macular degeneration - eye disease that causes vision loss or blurry vision, caused by fatty deposits under the retina
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