Patho exam practice

• Ankylosing Spondylitis


  Exact cause unknown, but involves combination of genetic and environmental factors, associated with HLA-B27 gene and autoimmune response targeting spine and sacroiliac joints
• Fibromyalgia


  Etiology not fully understood, but thought to involve abnormalities in pain processing in central nervous system, factors like genetics, infections, trauma, and psychological stress may contribute
• Gout


  Caused by buildup of uric acid crystals in joints and tissues, due to elevated uric acid levels influenced by diet, genetics, obesity, medications, and medical conditions like kidney disease
• Muscular Dystrophy (MD)


  Refers to group of genetic disorders causing progressive muscle weakness and degeneration, different types have different genetic causes related to muscle structure and function
• Osteoarthritis (OA)


  Primary cause is breakdown of cartilage in joints over time, risk factors include age, genetics, joint injury, obesity, and repetitive stress on joints
• osteomylitis

  Typically caused by vitamin D deficiency, factors like inadequate sunlight exposure, poor diet, medical conditions affecting vitamin D absorption, or kidney disorders can contribute
• ostemalacia

  Usually caused by bacterial infection, often from nearby tissue or through bloodstream, common bacteria involved include Staphylococcus aureus
• Osteonecrosis


  Occurs when blood supply to bone is disrupted, leading to bone cell death, causes include trauma, excessive steroid use, alcohol abuse, blood vessel disorders, and certain medical treatments
• Osteopenia


  Reduced bone density, can be precursor to osteoporosis, factors include aging, hormonal changes, inadequate calcium and vitamin D, certain medications
• Osteoporosis


  Characterized by weakened and porous bones, often related to aging, hormonal changes, inadequate nutrition, lack of exercise, and certain medical conditions or medications
• Osteosarcoma


  Type of bone cancer often developing in children and young adults, exact cause unclear but genetic factors and radiation exposure are known risk factors
• The skin has three layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue